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METABOLISM (Carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis (pyruvate, glycerol,…
METABOLISM
Carbohydrate metabolism
fermentation
lactate fermentation
ethanol fermentation
glycolysis
produce 4 ATP
2 (1,3 BPG - 3 PG)
2 (PEP - pyruvate)
use 2 ATP
glucose - G6P
F6P - FBP
TCA cycle
glyoxylate cycle
ETC and oxidative phosphorylation
glycerol - phosphate shuttle (GPS) & Malate - aspartate Shuttle (MAS)
glycogen metabolism
glycogenolysis
glycogen phosphorylase
phosphoglucomutase
glycogen debranching enzyme
glycogenesis
phosphoglucomutase
UDP - glucose phosphorylase
glycogen synthase
glycogen branching enzyme
gluconeogenesis
pyruvate
glycerol
lactate
amino acid
pentose phosphate pathway
oxidative stage
non - oxidative stage
Metabolism
catabolism (produce energy)
anabolism (use energy)
organized in pathways
linear form
closed - loop form
spiral form
metabolism involve
multi steps pathway
compartmentalization
flux
rate degradation and synthesis constant
controlled by rate-determining step
mechanisms of control
substrate availability
feedback inhibition
feed forward activation
enzyme activity
allosteric control
covalent modification
substrate cycle
enzyme availability
gene control
lac operon
trp operon
energy rich compounds and coupled reaction
oxidation(lose)-reduction(receive) reaction
function of dehydrogenases & cofactor
endergonic-exergonic
biological fuel compounds
lipid
proteins
carbohydrates
energy
ATP
main metabolic pathways
Lipid metabolism
fatty acids anabolism
cholesterol metabolism
synthesis
regulation cholesterol biosynthesis
fate cholesterol in cell
elimination
triglyceride synthesis (lipogenesis)
fatty acids synthesis
acetyl-coA carboxylation
fatty acids synthesis reactions
elongation
in mitochondria
in ER
unsaturation
transportation of acetyl-coA
regulation of fatty acid metabolism
fatty acids catabolism
fatty acids B-oxidation
steps
fatty acid activation
transportation of activated fatty acids
B-oxidation process
complete oxidation a fatty acid
oxidation other types of fatty acid
unsaturated fatty acid
odd-chain fatty acid
branched fatty acid
ketone bodies formation
ATP produced
B-hydroxybutyrate (26 ATP)
acetoacetate (23 ATP)
ketogenesis
lipolysis
digestion & absorption of triacylglycerol
Protein metabolism
amino acid metabolism
breakdown
deamination
transamination
oxidative deamination
other deamination mechanisms
urea cycle
degradation of carbon skeleton of amino acids
ketogenic amino acids
glucogenic amino acids
biosynthesis
nitrogen cycle
nitrogen fixation
nitrogen fixation & assimilation
nitrogen assimilation