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MULTIMEDIA (Cognitive processing (Extraneous
processing:
Drains limited…
MULTIMEDIA
Cognitive processing
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Generative processing: which involves making sense of the material by reorganizing it into a coherent structure and integrating it with relevant prior knowledge.
Essential processing: which involves selecting relevant information and organizing it as presented in working memory.
Selecting:
which transfers some of the incoming images and sounds to working memory for additional processing
Organizing: which organizes the images into a pictorial model and the words into a verbal model in working memory
Integrating: which connects the models with each other and with relevant knowledge activated from long-term memory
Memory
Working memory: which allows for mentally manipulating a small amount of the incoming visual and verbal material.
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12 Principles
- Coherence Principle – People learn better when extraneous words, pictures and sounds are excluded rather than included.
- Signaling Principle – People learn better when cues that highlight the organization of the essential material are added
- Redundancy Principle – People learn better from graphics and narration than from graphics, narration and on-screen text
- Spatial Contiguity Principle – People learn better when corresponding words and pictures are presented near rather than far from each other on the page or screen
- Temporal Contiguity Principle – People learn better when corresponding words and pictures are presented simultaneously rather than successively.
- Segmenting Principle – People learn better from a multimedia lesson is presented in user-paced segments rather than as a continuous unit.
- Pre-training Principle – People learn better from a multimedia lesson when they know the names and characteristics of the main concepts.
- Modality Principle – People learn better from graphics and narrations than from animation and on-screen text.
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