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Censorship and ideology in translation. Translation as rewriting (Ideology…
Censorship and ideology in translation. Translation as rewriting
Ideology
Ideology
is a broad and culturally entrenched field of belief systems within communities about human life and culture, manner or the content of thinking characteristic of an individual, group or culture.
Lefevere
described
ideology
as “the conceptual grid(сітка) that consists of opinions and attitudes which are acceptable in a certain society at a certain time, and through which readers and translators approach text”
Ideology in translation
According to Beaton, most
professional tr-tors/in-ters
living in totalitarian system
could be expected to share their employers‘ ideologies.
A tr-tor is asked to work with ST but
not to express his own ideas
. Discourse is a textual manifestation of the speaker‘s ideology.
1.Such
ideological translations
largely depend on
translator
identifying his T audience & making changes accordingly.
If tr-
tor
knows his
TA
he may be tempted to alter the original,
add
or
omit
from it to suit
sensibilities
of his readership. 3. It is particularly true with tr-on of
religious texts
. Tr-tors put themselves as filters to ensure their reader finds the work to his liking. There is a dilemma when tr-tors ideology contradicts the author‘s.
Critical dicsource analysis
The purpose of using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is to
highlight ideological content which
is present in the target text and how this differs from the source text.
Whether or not the target text translator
reflected the ideological content of the source text
in the target text.
CDA is often used
as a research tool in media studies
but can also be related to
literature
and the identification of ideology inherent in symbols within literature.
Lefevere (2004b, pp. 14-18) also claims that
ideology
is often enforced by the patrons, the people or institutions who commission or publish translations. This has made clear that translation and patronage can not be separated. According to Lefevere,
ideology
dictates
the basic strategy the
translator is going to use
and therefore also dictates
solution to problems
concerning the process of translation.
Censorship
If government wants to control its people completely, it must
keep all sources of enlightenment (освіта) away
because this is
the most important road to free thinking
.
Banning books
is one of the most effective ways to maintain power and keep people oppressed .
Both native and tr-ted books
are subject to control by a censoring system in charge
of looking after ideological uniformity (однаковість)
of the nation.
Censorship boards (міністерство) have to
review books and give verdict concerning
the advisability of them.
In USSR there were 2 kinds of censorship:
a preliminary personal censorship
self-controlling of an author
official censorpship provided by special governmental bodies.
WHY?
C-rs had to ―
protect minds
of the Soviet ppl
from the harmful influence
of the West.
Main reasons to ban works
:
political
(criticism of regime),
political unreliability of the author
, generally
prohibited subject
(unofficial wars etc),
propaganda
of fascism, violence, terror; , themes, subjects, facts which might cause
undesirable thoughts,
associations or illusions.
Translation as rewriting
Purpose
Translations are not made in a vacuum and therefore can not be an isolated activity.
Translation has always served a special purpose or many purposes at the same time, and each time it has been shaped by a certain force, power and so on.
Translation as a means of
cultural enrichment
, the choice of the works to be translated, and the guidelines and goals of the translation activity are set by certain forces.
Rewriting
Translation
takes the forms of rewriting
, since it is performed
under certain constraints (примус) and for certain purposes
.
The original text i
s chosen for a
certain purpose
and the
guidelines
of translation are defined to
serve this purpose by the translator
and/or by those who initiate translation activity. Therefore in order
to fit that purpose
,
rewriting is bound to happen
during the process of translation.
The concept “
translation as rewriting
” was put forward by
Lefevere
.
In 1981 Lefevere introduced the concept of the “
refracted text
”. By “
refracted text
” he means “texts that have been processed for a certain audience (children, for example) or adapted to a certain poetics or a certain ideology
Bassnett
and
Lefevere
formally present their theory “translation is a rewriting of an original text”.
According to them rewriting
,
1.All rewritings,
reflect
a certain ideology
and a poetics and as such manipulate literature to function in a given society in a given way.
is
manipulation
, undertaken in the service of power, and in its positive aspect can help in the evolution of a literature and a society.
can introduce
new concepts
,
new genres,
new devices
and the history of translation is the history also of literary innovation, of the shaping power of one culture upon another.
can help us towards a greater awareness of the world in which we live
.”
Translation is not a pure, simple and transparent linguistic matter
but involves
factors
such as
power
,
ideology
,
poetics
and
patronage
, etc.
1.
Theo Hermans
- states that rewriting includes translation, criticism, reviewing, summary, adaptation for children, anthologizing, making into a comic strip or TV film, and so on.
Lefevere
as “the most obviously recognizable type of rewriting, and potentially the most influential because it is able to project the image of an author and/or a (series of) work (s) in another culture, lifting that author and/or those works beyond the boundaries of their culture of origin”
Translation needs to be studied
in connection with power and
patronage
,
ideology
and
poetics
, with emphasis on the various attempts to
shore up
(підтримати) or
undermine
(підкопувати) an existing ideology or an existing poetics. It also needs to be studied in connection with attempts to
integrate different universe of discourse.
In 1984, Lefevere defined and added the concept of “
patronage
” to his model in order to better investigate ideological pressures
.
1.Lefevere-
patronage
- is 'something like
powers
(persons, institutions) that can
further
or
hinder
the reading, writing, and rewriting of literature'
Patronage
, probably the most efficient word to describe the
second control factor
in a general sense
Patronage, probably the most efficient word to describe the second control factor in a general sense, alludes to “mean something like the powers (persons, institutions) that can further or hinder the reading, writing and rewriting of literature.” 9