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TEXTS I (Textuality (the interplay between seven factors) (Cohesion and…
TEXTS I
Textuality (the interplay between seven factors)
Cohesion and coherence
:
-All the
lexis
that refers to a same topic and lexical figures such as synonyms, hyponymy…
-
Syntactic links
: pronouns and articles that direct the attention to external aspects of the text.
-
Ellipsis
: aspects elided but that the reader must guess by himself.
-
Adverbs of time, place
…
-
Conjunctions and connectives
.
Intentionality
:
-The
rethorical devices
to make the text flow: irony, questions… (Have you ever thought of the question of existence?).
Informativity:
it refers to two factors:
-The degree to which the text is
expected
or unexpected.
-The checking of
information
repetition or if it is new.
Depends on the
intention
of the writer and the reader’s knowledge.
Depending on the text’s efficiency, the reader will have to make more
effort
to read or less. Depends on how much info is given. Too much information, more difficult/popular info, readers get bored.
Intertextuality:
-A text has different
interpretations
depending on its reader. The acceptability of the text and the awareness of the connections of this text with other texts. For ex: literature always improves due to the previous works of other authors.
-Situationality
: the moment and the context in which a text appears influences the reader’s interpretation. For ex: only the people with dogs will read the sign “dogs, don’t pee”.
Acceptability:
-Cohesion and coherence and all the other standards play an important role, as it is the
reader’s attitude
towards the text.
-Readers determine if it is
correct
. This acceptance is based on the language and their knowledge of the world. Sometimes, the reader may also tie up loose ends in order to make the text more cohesive. For ex: if we see an instructional text does not accomplish the structure we previously knew, it is not considered instructional.
Type of situation, strategy and structure, as well as the patterns of expression. Informative and directive language.
Narrative
: Concrete and real.
-Real or invented stories of events.
-Sequenced with adverbs such as “then, suddenly, after that…”
Descriptive
: Concrete and real.
-Descriptions situate the reader or make them visualise those things they are reading.
-Usually used in narrations.
General linguistic elements:
The
state or positional verbs
followed by an adverbial expression, such as “The children were found in a cave on the left deep part”.
Perfect and continuous forms, such as “My mother was perfectly living when a terrible illness appeared”.
Subgroups:
1.
External description
: characterised by direction, i.e, the manner and direction in which we describe something: describe a building from the top to the bottom or from the bottom to the top to guide the reader.
Functional description
: when we describe the function of something, for instance, a machine.
3.
Psychological description
: describe the feelings of some person. Ex: Poe's oppressive atmosphere in Usher.
Expository:
-Real and cognitive.
-Explaining some issue. Ex: essay (subjective view), summaries or definitions (more objective).
-State verbs and modals, or verbs that express a characteristic or a quality.
-
Subtypes:
Analytical
: describes the details of some issue.
Synthetic
: mentions all the characteristics of the subject and also adds a conclusion.
Argumentative
:
potential and cognitive, and it pretends to explain and convince about some issue, even its consequences.
-Adverts on TV.
Subtypes:
-
Type 1
: the writer negates some statement.
Ex: when a text presents the subject with the question: “are rapes to women that are alone justified because they are alone?” and the text negates it.
-
Type 2
: give pros and cons about some issue, normally starting with the pros if the author is for, and with the cons if he/she is against it.
-
Type 3
(one-sided argument): guides the reader more in a single opinion.
-Type 4
(eclectic approach):
the main different views on the subject, and thus, the reader follows his ideas more easily.
-
Type 5
: start with an oposition statement that he will solve afterwards. Expressions such as “it has always been thought…”.
-Type 6
(the other side questioned pattern): starts with an opposition statement but the author does not completely refutate it. The reader is free to choose whatever he thinks is more correct. It is like an open ending of a film.
Types of context
Non verbal
Context of situation
, i.e, the register of the text, specified by the field, tenor, and mode. We can find here the participants of the situation, their actions, the objects and events that surround them, and the effects of the verbal actions.
Context of culture
: it limits the interpretation of the text and gives an ideological background. There are always meaning, customs, attitudes and values inside a culture, and that only the members of this culture know. For ex: Bows in Japan to show
you trust this person.
Verbal
-
Intertextual
context: relations with other texts. We understand a new text because we have base from others we have read. Ex of figure: parody (reinterpretation of a text that has already been created. ).
-
Intratextual: coherence
: set of linguistic resources that link the different parts of the text. In "My boyfriend is scared of clowns. I watched Harry Potter yesterday" does not make sense. A text, thus, is a progression of information in order to explain something.
Depending on the language functions.
The ideational function:
bases on the speaker’s experience.
The interpersonal function
: refers to the social relationships, such as agreeing, making questions....
Intro
-People
need
to discuss, describe, interact, explain… in order to reach agreements, teach or inform about something.
-Learning the different types of texts allows people to read a newspaper, make a recipe...(i. e.
prepares them for life
).
-Very important for
language
students: reading is one of the best ways to learn a language.
-Enrich our expression and knowledge. More
cult.
-Do whatever we want with language and
influence
other people.
Manners of processing and producing texts (not a close classification, as texts are too diverse).
Depending on the language (functional tenor)
Expressive or emotive
:
-The writer expresses his/her feelings and opinion.
-It normally uses interjections or exclamations and descriptive subjective adjectives.
-Ex: biographies, poetry, novels...
Conative or directive:
-The addresser talks directly with the reader or listener because he wants to influence him/her.
-Imperatives, 1st and 2nd personal pronouns and infinitive constructions with to.
-Ex: argumentative texts, instructions, manuals...
Metalingual
Poetic:
-Beautiful.
-Literary devices such as puns, metaphors, etc, as well as an unusual grammar.
-Used specially in poetry although also in journalistic texts and novels.
Phatic:
-Checks that the communication channel works with expessions like "you know", “as it is commonly known”....
Informative
:
-Explain and inform.
-Objective non-personal language, passives, and it avoids using articles.
-Expository texts, articles, reports…
Text
(Halliday):
-Semantic unit, formed by shorter units called sentences, which have a relationship because they inform about a same subject. Must be coherent.
-Product, an output.
-Object.
-
Metafunctional
construction: it has a function in a context, and it is coherent and relevant. It is through the context that we can predict the characteristics of a text.