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Challenges to Elizabeth at home and abroad (Relations with Spain (The…
Challenges to Elizabeth at home and abroad
Plots and revolts at home
Rebellion of the Northern Earls
1569-70
reasons for the rebellion
the Earls wanted to make England Catholic again
they had lost much of their influence under Elizabeth, especially at the Scottish border
Elizabeth's refusal to make Mary her hier, or marry and have a child created uncertainty. they feared civil war and loss of power under a protestant monarch.
who was involved?
Earl of Westmoorland and his wife
Duke of Norfolk - would marry Mary and they would take over the crown. He was then imprisoned and arrested after Dudley told Elizabeth about the plot.
Earl of Northumberland and his wife
Mary Queen of Scots
what happened?
The Earls stormed down England and took control of Durham Cathedral, where they celebrated mas and continued to move south.
Elizabeth moved Mary to Coventry, to stop her escaping and joining the rebels
even though the rebels captured hartlepool, support from Spain never arrived.
why did it fail?
support from Spain never arrived
many northern landowners remained loyal to Elizabeth
Many landowners didn't want to risk losing wealth gained from the dissolution of the monasteries by backing the revolt.
why was it important?
shows that MQOS couldn't be trusted, and she remained in prison
the pope excommunicated Elizabeth and called on loyal catholics to depose her, encouraging further plots against her
loyalty of the english catholics was in doubt, forcing the government to take harsh steps against them
Elizabeth's control over the north was strengthened
Ridolfi plot
1571
background of the plot
the failure of the revolt of the northern earls and the papal bull mean that elizabeth and her government had lost trust in catholics and treated them with suspicion
the earl of Huntingdon led the council of the north. he implemented laws against catholics in the north, this angered catholics, who were now prepared to revolt against them especially as they now had the pope's backing
what happened?
Roberto Rudolf lived in England and worked as a spy for the Pope
He made a plot to murder Elizabeth, start a spanish invasion and put Mary on the throne. Mary would then marry the Due of Norfolk
Ridolfi travelled to the Netherlands discuss the plot with the pope and the Duke of Alba. he had a letter signed by the Duke of Norfolk where he declared himself a Catholic and pledged to lead the rebellion with Phillip II support
Phillip II instructed the Duke of Alba to prepare 10000 troops to send across the English Channel in support of the revolt.
Sir William Cecil discovered the plot ands able to prove that the Duke of Norfolk was guilty of high treason. Ridolfi remained abroad and never returned to England
When parliament reconvened, it demanded the execution of both Norfolk and Mary, she only signed the warrant of Norfolk but not Mary
why was it important?
reinforced the threat from Spain as Phillip II would support plots against Elizabeth
it confirmed that Mary Queen of Scots was still a threat so remained a threat to Elizabeth
The government began to monitor catholics more closely and treat them more severely
the threat from Spain meant that England needed to improve relations with France, as they couldn't fight both countries at the same time
Throckmorton plot
1583
What happened?
The French Duke of Guise plotted to invade England and overthrow Elizabeth and free Mary
Philip II offered to help pay for the revolt and the plot approved of the conspiracy
Francis Throckmorton would pass letters between the plotters and Mary Queen of Scots
Why was it important?
revealed the extent of the threat from catholic powers
Throckmorton's papers included a list of Catholic Conspirators, confirming the fear of an 'enemy within'
also showed the threat of France and Spain as they were both willing to support the plot.
government treated catholics with even greater suspicion many fled England as a result. up to 11000 were improssioned.
Why did it fail?
Sir Francis Walsingham discovered the plot in May 1583
Walsingham's says discovered the papers in his house revealing his part in the conspiracy
Throckmorton was arrested and tortured, he confessed his involvement and was executed in May 1584
Babington Plot
1586
What happened?
The Duke of Guise would invade England, murder Elizabeth and put Mary on the throne, Phillip II and the Pope would support the plot
Anthony Babington wrote to Mary about the plot
Sir Francis Walsingham intercepted letters between Babington and Mary, demonstrating her awareness and involvement and support for the plot
Babington and the plotters were executed
In October 1586, Mary Queen of Scots was sentenced to death
Why was it important?
Elizabeth's situation was more precarious than with previous plots
By 1585, England and Spain were virtually at war
The persecution of catholics intensified
the plot lead to the execution of Mary Queen of Scots, ending the hope of a catholic hier
Execution of Mary Queen of Scots
Why was she executed?
She had been involved in a series of plots against Elizabeth, and her involvement was proved in the Babington plot
The Spanish threat intensified, by removing any chance of a catholic march getting to the throne, there was less chance of rebellions
She remained a rallying point for disgruntled Catholics who saw her as a legitimate queen
The papal bull meant that Mary was a catholic hier who could take the throne if there was a foreign invasion
Mary had a catholic son who would be hier to the throne, threatening protestant succession and creating the chance of a civil
Why was it important?
As Mary was an anointed monarch, her execution made Elizabeth and her hires more venerable to the same fate in the future
The execution left Elizabeth without and increasing the chance of civil war after her death
further angered Spain and gave them further reason to attack England ad Mary left her claim to the throne to him
The execution removed an important threat to Elizabeth, as there was no alternative monarch to replace her.
Relations with Spain
religious rivalry
under Mary Tudor, Spain and England were allies, as a protestant country under Elizabeth, their relationship soured
Phillip II backed by the pope saw protestantism as a threat to the catholic church
many English Protestants saw Spain and Catholicism as a threat
Phillip II became involved in catholic plots against Elizabeth
spanish policy in the Netherlands
the Netherlands had been Spanish since the 1400's, but many Dutch became protestant
a brutal Spanish campaign under the Duke of Alba aimed to restore Catholicism
Spanish Catholics executed many Dutch Protestants in 1568
Spain's campaign in the Netherlands angered many in the English government, who saw Spain as hostile and a direct threat to England
The English Response to the Spanish
Elizabeth's government decided to secretly help the Dutch Protestants resist the Spanish
It allowed Dutch rebel ships safe passage in English ports
it provided financial support to others fighting the spanish, including volunteers
english privateers, like Drake were encouraged to attack Spanish shipping and colonies in Latin America
Elizabeth even proposed marriage to a french duke to try and convince them to join the fight in the Netherlands.
Spanish fury and Pacification of Ghent
By 1576 the Spainish government in the Netherlands found their war unaffordable, this meant the Spanish troops were unpaid
This lead too the Spanish Fury, when Spainish troops looted Antwerp
After this, all 17 Dutch provinces joined an alliance against the Spanish, drawn up in the Pacification of Ghent, it called for Spanish troops to be expelled from the Netherlands
restoring Spanish influence
by late 1584, Spain had regained control in the Netherlands thanks to the Duke of Parma
England's allies, the Duke of Alencon and William Orange were dead
Treaty of Joinville united Catholic France and Spain against the Netherlands and England
Dutch Catholics were ready to make peace with Spain, strengthening Phillip II's position there
England and Spain were close to war
Phillip II banned English support of the dutch rebels for making the situation worse
He blamed English privateers for attacks on Spanish shipping
Elizabeth's government blamed Spain for the series of plots against her
Commercial rivalry
by the 1570s, England and Spain were commercial rivals, they competed for access to markets in the New World as well as other places
Spain had conquered Mexico ad Peru providing the spanish government with lots of gold and silver, giving them control over sugar and tobacco trades
sailors, such as Drake were journeying great distances on trade voyages to different parts of the world
English hostility towards Spain
Spain represented a major barrier to English trade
Their control of the Netherlands and estuaries closed of the principle trade rounds used by English traders with Europe - reducing the income and profits of English merchants
Their control of the New World also denied English traders profit-making opportunities because all trade there had to be licensed by Spain
privateering
english merchants, financed by private investors, raided spanish colonies as well as ships voyaging to and from eh New World
multiple invasions, involving Drake's circumnavigation, resulted in huge amounts of spanish silver and gold being stolen
elizabeth encouraged Dutch rebels to attack spanish ships sailing between Spain and the Netherlands
By 1580, loss of silver meant that the spanish government in the Netherlands went bankrupt and couldn't afford to ay their soldiers
War with Sapin
background of the war
england signed the Treaty of Nonsuch in August 1585 with the Dutch protestant rebels, making war with spain more likely
the terms of the treaty meant that England would pay for an army of 7400 English soldiers to work with the rebels government
it was likely they would fight with the spainish, although war was not declared.
why was the campaign in the netherlands a failure?
elizabeth still hoped to negotiate with Phillip II - they were not given enough resources as they were not formally at war
some of Dudley's officers deflected to the spanish side - damaging relations with the Dutch rebels
Dudley and Elizabeth had aims in the Netherlands - he wanted to make the Netherlands an independent country, but Elizabeth wanted it to remain under Spainish control, but with certain freedoms
the results of the campaign in the Netherlands
dudley could only disrupt spanish forces under the duke of parma, he couldn't defeat them
he managed to stop them capturing a deep water port, Ostend, on the channel this was important as it denied the armada a chance to link up with parma's troops in 1588
Spanish Armarda
Drake's raid on Cadiz
'singeing of the king's beard'
since january 1586, spain had been gradually building up it's Armada, Phillip II's enormous fleet due to help the spanish army invade England.
In March 1587, Elizabeth ordered Drake to attack the Spanish navy. Between the 19th and 22nd of April, he attacked Cadiz
he destroyed 30 ships and much of the fleets supplies, he then continued to raid spanish naval ports and treasure ships
this was important because it delayed the armada as Spain had to rebuild their fleet and supplies, it gave England an extra year to prepare for the invasion
reasons for the armada
religious conflict
Phillip had already been involved in plots to murder Elizabeth, the armada gave him another chance to restore catholicism to england.
the papacy wanted to overthrow Elizabeth since the papal bull of 1570
the pope promised absolution to those involved in the armada
acts of provocation
drake's actions in the New World threatened Spanish commercial interests
Elizabeth's support for Sutch rebels interrupted Spainish plans there
changing circumstances
spain acquired portugal in 1580, giving Phillip II access to Portuguese ships and ports
the duke of parma's success in the netherlands meant stains position there was secure
elizabeth's hesitation to fully back dutch rebels was a sign of weakness, encouraging Phillip to attack
Phillip's strategy and tactics
he ordered the armada (130 ships and 2431 guns) to sail along the english chanel to the netherlands
they would then meet the duke of parma and transport 27000 troops to kent
the spanish army would then invade london, end elizabeth's reign and establish a catholic government
for the invasion to succeed, the spanish needed control of the channel to transport parma's troops to England
it was vital that the english navy disrupt spanish shipping as the spans had a bigger and better army than the english and were likely to defeat them if they reached England.
what happened?
29th July - armada spotted in the channel
31st july - battle of plymouth 2 spanish hips captures
3-4th august - battle of isle of wight, spanish ships outgunned and forced to move further up the channel towards Calais
8th august - battle of grave lines - fireships cause the spanish to panic, spanish fleet never meet up with duke of parma and is scattered
why did it fail?
communication problems - there was no communication between the duke of parma and duke of medina-sidonia, there was no deep water port so the armada couldn't stop at any dutch ports, but had to meet troops on smaller boats, which made communications cry difficult
Spanish ships lacked supplies and provisions - they didn't have enough to survive a long journey, if they did survive, the soldiers were very weak
english tactics - they got close enough to fire at the spanish but far enough to stop the soldiers boarding, the use of fireships at the battle of grave lines also confused and panicked the armada
weather - gale force winds caused most of the destruction to the spanish ships when thy retreated, many were destroyed on the west coast of ireland
spanish panicking - use of fireships caused many ships to cut their anchors and allowed their ships to drift into North Sea
english ships were better equipped - cannons were mounted on smaller guns than on spanish ships so they could be reloaded and fired quicker, damaging many spanish ships and undermined their chances of meeting the duke of parma and invading England
consequences of the english victory
for England
english navy strengthened - boosted confidence to explore and trade with europe
protestantism became stronger in England - suggested god was on the protestant side
foreign policies and stronger alliances in europe - anglo-dutch alliance strengthened, netherlands became protestant, meaning they had an allie
elizabeth's authority enhanced - portrayed as a military victor
for spain
major military and financial setback for Spain and King Phillip
Spain's war with England continued throughout Elizabeth's reign
spanish prestige was broken other countries became more willing to challenge spanish power leading to a gradual decline of the spanish empire