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Unit 2 - Global Climate (Section 2.2 - Consequences (Changes in Carbon…

- - - - Fresh Water
        
        Water shortages can be affected by other factors, like population growth and ground water depletion.
        
        Glaciers provide fresh water for drinking, irrigation, and industry to 1.5 billion people
      - Retreating Himalayan Glaciers
        
        High elevation retreat could alter stream-flow characteristics in water basins.
        
        Low elevation retreat is unlikely to cause major water shortages.
        due to the monsoon rain system
    - - As the ice has receded, the potential for wave formation increases
      - The Arctic is predicted to become ice-free between 2016 and 2040.
      - Decline in sea ice has been linked to primary productivity in the Eastern Bering Sea, due to plankton blooms
      - Melting ice adversely affects the diets of polar bears, who are having to spend more time on land and have less time to hunt seals. This has resulted in the bears having a less nutritious diets and reduced body mass and reproductive activity and success.
- - - - Some is reflected by atmosphere but most is absorbed by Earth's surface
      - From the sun
    - - Reradiating from earth's surface
        
        Re-emitted radiation from materials with low albedo that absorb short wave then emit long wave
    - - The ozone hole is basically a man-made hole in the ozone layer above the South Pole during the Southern Hemisphere’s spring. The ozone layer, which lies high up in the atmosphere, shields us from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays that come from the Sun. Unfortunately we punched a hole in it, through the use of gases like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in spray cans and refrigerants, which break down ozone molecules in the upper atmosphere.
  - - - Increase of GHG gases is linked to industrialization, trade and globalization
      - impact of increasing greenhouse gases due to human activity
      - Often referred to as global warming
  - - - makes up 95% of GHGs by volume
    - - second biggest contributor to greenhouse effect
    - - 20% of greenhouse effect, and increasing with human activity
    - - Destroys ozone
  - - - Greenland ice sheet melting causes sea level rise. This cuts of currents of the Gulf Stream, which could cause cold winters in Britain to return.
    - - Positive Feedback Loop in oceans:
        Oceans are important carbon sinks. If the air temperatures warm up, then the oceans warm up. the ability of the oceans to absorb CO2 decreases as it warms up