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Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis (Environmental and Internal Factors…
Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis
Concepts
Photoautotrophs
Gathers energy from light
Heterotrophs
Respire organic molecules
Entropy
Disorder increasing
Energy and Reducing Power
Energy Carriers
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
substrate-level phosphorylation
reactions not involving oxygen
cytosol
oxidative phosphorylation
mitochondria
oxidations using oxygen
photophosphorylation
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chloroplasts
sunlight
Reducing Power
Redox potential
Electron acceptor or donor
Oxidized
loss of electrons
oxidizing agents
NAD+
NADP+
Takes electrons from molecules
Reduced
Gain of Electrons
reducing agents
NADH
places electrons on molecules
NADPH
Energy enters through photosynthesis
Other Electron Carriers
Plastoquinone transports electrons
hydrophobic
dissolves into lipid chloroplasts
Cytochromes
heme
intrinsic membrane protein
thylakoid membrane
carries electrons
iron atom
Plastocyanin
carries electrons on copper ion
chloroplast membranes
travels a short distance
Photosynthesis
The Stroma Reactions
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dark reactions
1,3-diphosphoglycerate
light-independent reactions
3-phosphoglyceraldehyde
Anabolic Metabolism
Anabolism
anabolic reactions
synthesis of polysaccharides
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
fructose-1,6-biphosphate
gluconeogenesis
fructose-6-phosphate
glucose-6-phosphate
The Light-Dependent Reactions
Calvin-Benson Cycle
acceptor molecule
ribulose-1,5-biphosphate
RuBP has 5 carbons
RuBP carboxylase (RUBISCO) has 2 3-phosphoglycerate molecules
CO2 has 1 carbon
pigment
fluorescence
the release of light
absorption spectrum
most effective wavelengths
Absorbs particular wavelengths
distinctive visible color not absorbed
accessory pigments
carotenoids
absorb excessive light
antenna complex
transfers energy to reaction center
chlorophyll b
resonance with chlorophyll a
chlorphyll a
5 percent energy captured
absorbs some red and blue light
absorbs quanta
electron activated
excited state
ground state
photosystem II
Cytochrome b6/f complex
P680
Quinone
Phaeophytin
Plastocyanin
photosystem I
P700
ferredoxin (a protein)
ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (an enzyme)
Environmental and Internal Factors
Water
Water availability
Stomata closes at night
C4 Metabolism
PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) carboxylase
High affinity for CO2
Photorespiration
Leaf Structure
CO2 absorbance
water conservation
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)
second metabolic adaptation
conservation of water
Light
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Duration of sunlight
Hours of sunlight
Quantity of light
Light intensity
Quality of light
The color or wavelength
