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REVISION (R.S (beliefs about god (secularism (agnostic, humanism, atheism)…

- - - - retribution
        
        justice. - the punishment is proportionate
      - reformation
        
        To turn people into productive members of society.
      - protection
        
        protecting society by locking up offenders/ criminals
      - deterrence
        
        preventing crimes
  - - - The existence of the world is strong evidence to support God - everything that exists has a cause for its existence.
        
        Arguement from Contingency
        
        Only things that could not exist have a cause; God is nessicary and therefore has no cause.
        
        Kalam Cosmological argument
        
        Things that exist inside of time have a cause; God exists out of time and therefore have no cause
    - - If there is a design then there must be a designer - that is God. Need somebody to make sure everything is correct and so that there is no chaos.
        
        Paley's watch
        
        On a walk if you stumble into a stone, you wouldn't question its existence. If you saw a watch you would think the watch had a creator. The world is complex and therefore has a creator.
        
        so what created god?
        
        Aquinas' design argument
        
        An arrow needs to be designed and shot before it hits a target. Similarly, a creation needs a designer to have order and purpose.
    - - The theory that animals have evolved over time to create humans and other species - humans come from apes - theory created by Charles Darwin (Natural Selection)
  - - - principles
        
        A just war should be the last resort
        
        Has to be agreed by a legitiate authority e.g UN
        
        Has to redress a wrong suffered e.g self-defense
        
        Reasonable chance of success
        
        Re-establish peace
        
        War must be proportional
        
        Civilians should never be targets
  - - - god cannot be omnibenevolent if he allows evil and suffering in the world
    - - god is not powerful enough to rid of the devil
      - god cannot be omnipotent if he is unable to destroy evil and suffering from this world
  - - - all powerful
    - - all kind
    - - all knowing
    - - agnostic
      - humanism
      - atheism
- - - - European war
        
        Alliances
        
        Helped it go from local to Europe war
        
        Arms race
        
        1900-Germany new naval law
        
        1913 Germany increased by 100 000 and built mortars for German defenses
        
        France 690 000 to 827 000
        
        War plans
        
        1914 most major countries had war plans
        
        France- Plan XVII- offensive and aimed to recapture Alsasse Loraine
        
        Germany-Schiflen plan-attack France through Belgium , defeat them within 6 weeks and then tern to Russia
        
        Increased chances of war, prepared, expecting.
        
        Moroccan crisis
        
        1905
        
        Germany tried to take control of morocco. Britain supported France
        
        1911
        
        Germany forced to accept french control. Germany in isolation
      - Local war
        
        Serbian nationalism
        
        Assassination of the AH archduke by Serbian terrorists
        
        Bosnian Crisis
        
        AH refused to allow Russia access to the black sea after Russia allowed them to annexed Bosnia, which Serbia wanted. Angered Russia
        
        Pig war
        
        Serbia wanted to reduce its economic dependence on AH, so started trade with France. AH limited Serbian exports of pork, angered Serbia
        
        March 1906-June 1909
        
        AH worried Serbia would encourage states to rebel as thyr were similar culturally.
      - Triggers
        
        Assassination of Franz Ferdinand by Serbian terrorists in Bosnia- 28 June 1914
        
        AH issuing an ultimatum to Serbia-23 July
        
        AH declared war on Serbia after Germany blank cheque 28 July
        
        Germany invades neutral Belgium-3 August
    - - Trenches
        
        Mainly defensive tactics, with primitive weapons no-one could make any progress
        
        machine guns
      - Failure of the Schilflenn plan
        
        Bad leadership
        
        Bad changes
        
        Underestimation by the plan
    - - Focker scourge, planes that can shoot through propellers
      - Reconnaissance
      - Bombers and fighter planes
    - - British navel blockade
        
        Stopped ships getting to German ports
      - U boat warfare
        
        315 in 3 months
        
        Sunk the Lusitania 12 hundred dead, angered USA
      - Battle of Jutland
        
        Failed Germany ambush
        
        Britain showed superiority.
    - - Large failed attack by the allies against Turkey
      - difficult terrain for ships
      - Trench warfare-Turkey "hard nut to crack"
    - - Started with a week long bombardment
        
        Only around half exploded
      - Germans stayed in dug outs and then come out and manned the machine guns
      - any advancement that was made became isolated
      - in 141 days had only advanced 7 miles
      - However resulted in large technological advancements
        
        Creeping barrage
    - - German and Russia treaty to end western front
      - 21 March, Luddendorf offensive breaks stalemate
      - Foch now in charge of a single force
      - German advancing too fast leaving artillery behind
      - May-first american attacks, fresh troops
      - British use Tanks to push back Germans
      - 12 Sep-Americans swiftly take the St Mineil Salient
      - In Salonika Bulgaria is defeated
      - Italy beat Austria
      - Turkey defeated
      - Revolution sweeps across Germany and Generals send politicians to sign an armastie
      - An armistice is signed despite harsh terms
  - - - Underlying
        
        economic difficulties
        
        Ancien regime
        
        Only 1 Estate pay tax
        
        Ovarall unfair
      - Catylists
        
        Finance ministers
        
        Necker
        
        Huge loans from other countries-530 million livres overall
        
        Calonne
        
        Spent million on public property to try and convince other country they had a stable economy
        
        Attempted to push through a land tax to fix the economic problems. angered nobility
        
        Aristocratic revolt
        
        A revolt caused by opposition to the new land tax which nobles had to pay
      - Triggers
        
        Tennis court oath
        
        National assembly
        
        Dismisal of Necker
      - Contributing
        
        enlightenment
        
        Democracy as the right way to run a country
        
        Despite not being available to all would have no doubt made a difference
        
        Wars
        
        American war of indipendance
        
        France and Britain fighting over the colonies in France.-weakened economy and sold many venal offices to pay for it.
        
        7 year war
        
        Pressure on national Treasury-Spread revolutionary ideas
        
        War of Austrian Succetion
        
        France wanted to expand its territory. over 200 million livres in debt,m caused a rise in tax
    - - 3rd Estate (everone else)
      - 2nd Estate (nobles, Barons.)
        
        Noblese de robe
        
        Bought their way into nobility
        
        Noblesse de eppe
        
        Born into nobility
        
        Tensions between the 2 Estates
      - 1st Estate (Church)
    - - Did the revolution change France?
        
        On paper
        
        August decrees
        
        Promise to limit the power of nobles, taxed equal,
        
        Right of Man
        
        Basic human rights
        
        If you look into it
        
        Promises
        
        Nobles would keep privileged states, just not official title
        
        Rights of man wasn't accepted by the king
      - National constituent Assembly
        
        Elect new members every 5 years
        
        Have to pay a silver mark in tax
        
        King can delay reforms
        
        Land tax
        
        Priests must swear an oath to the constitution
      - Flight to Varennes
        
        King fled to Austria, Angered many people and marked the start in distrust in him
      - September Massacres
        
        In the wake of Austrian promise to destroy Paris. killings, lead by the Jacobin's claimed the lives of multiple prisoners and those legal to the king
- - - - biochemistry
      - genetics
      - quality of life
      - nutrition
      - environment
      - health
  - - - biodiversity
        
        Millions of animals and plants
      - help regulate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
        
        produces 2 thirds of worlds oxygen.
      - Risk
        
        deforestarion
        
        logging
        
        mining
        
        natural desasters
        
        palm oil
      - To what extent should we develop the Amazon
        
        Pros
        
        improves local economy
        
        Jobs
        
        Money
        
        Medicine
        
        More room for a crowded population
        
        Cons
        
        Earth less sufficient in getting rid of Carbon dioxide
        
        Animals and plants will lose habitats
        
        Loss to Indigenous people
    - - Nenets
        
        Nordic reindeer herders how use reindeer for almost everything
        
        Threats include less demand for reindeer, and gas plants on migration routs
      - Matis
        
        Hunters ans gatherers who live in the amazon.
  - - - the pattern of where people live
      - Mountais
      - Coastlines
      - Deserts
      - RIvers
    - - Stage 1
        
        Birth rate:High
        
        Death rate:High
        
        Disease, famine, no birth control
      - Stage 2
        
        Death rate falls rapidly as health and diets get better
        
        Birth Rate stays high, causing rapid population growth as children are good work assets
      - Stage 3
        
        Birth rate begins to decline as infant mortality falls due to better healthcare meaning population increases slower
        
        Death rate falls slightly as countries become more developed
        
        Reliable contraception is used meaning prevention of babies
      - Stage 4
        
        Birth and death rate fall off
        
        women become more widely educated and powerful to make decisions on having babies and have opportunities to work
      - Stage 5
        
        People reach their life expectancy
        
        many women are choosing child-free or limeted child lifestyles
- - - - exaggeration
      - Hyperbole
      - Imagery
        
        Similies
        
        Sweating like molten iron from the centre of his chest
        
        Metaphors
        
        Spools of sufffering set out in ordered rows
  - - - bayonet charge
      - ozymandias
      - London
      - War Photographer