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C1 Nature of matter and C2 Experimental techniques(Benjamin) (Measurement,…
C1 Nature of matter and C2 Experimental techniques(Benjamin)
Diffusion
The process by which different fluids mix asa result of the random motions of their particles
Measurement
Electronic balance
Mass(g)
Measuring cylinder
Volumn of liquid(cm2)
Thermometer
Temperature C
Burette
Volumn(m3)
Stopwatch
Time(second)
Pipette
Volumn(m3)
Methods of purification
Fractional distillation
Chromatography
Distillation
Criteria of purity
A pure substance has a definite, sharp, melting point and boiling point.
Method of separation
Simple distillation
A solvent from a solution
Simple distillation obtains the solvent from a solution.
Fractional distillation
Liquids from each other
Fractional distillation separates a mixture of liquids from each other.
Crystallisation
A solute from a solution
Crystallisation obtains solids from their solutions by letting crystals form. It works because soluble solids tend to be less soluble at lower temperature.
Solvent extraction
Two immiscible liquids
Mixtures of two immiscible liquids can be separated if the mixture is placed in a separating funnel and allowed to stand. The liquids separate into different layers.
Evaporation
A solute from a solution
Paper chromatography
Mixture of colours
Paper chromatography can be used to separate a mixture of two or more dissolved substances.
Filtration
A solid from a liquid
Filtration separates a solid from a liquid.
Three states and changes of states
Density
Liquid
Moderate to high
Gas
Low
Solid
High
Volume
Liquid
Has a fixed volume
Gas
No fixed volume-expands to fill the container
Solid
Has a fixed volume
Shape
Liquid
No definite shape-takes the shape of the container
Gas
No definite shape-takes the shape of the container
Solid
Has a definite shape
Fluidity
Liquid
Generally flows easily
Gas
Flows easily
Solid
Does not flow
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space. There are three physical states: solid, liquid and gas