Adipose tissue
characterization
FACS markers that should be positive for adipose stromal cells
CD 73
CD 90
CD 105
tissue organization
cells
cell populations
pre-adipocytes
fibroblasts
endothelial cells
immune cells
adipocytes
production of endocrine proteins
adipokines
adiponectin
leptin
proinflammatory regulators
IL-6
monocyte chemoattractant protein 1=MPC-1
tumor necrosis factor a=TNF-a
macrophages
types
lean
obese
cell ratio
cell ratio
immune cells
other cells
5%
95%
other cells
immune cells
50%
characteristics
morphology
50%
crown-like structures
endocrinology
MPC-1 ⬆
adiponectin ⬇
resulting in increased peripheral monocyte infiltration to the site
monocyte differentiation into macrophages
affecting factors
Paracrine factors
leptin
IGF-I
stimulating angiogenesis
triggers proliferation
IGFBP
regulation of preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation
TNF-alfa
🚩elevated levels in obese individuals 🚩
decreases preadipocyte number
inhibiting differentiation of adipocytes
angiotensin II
🚩elevated levels in obese individuals 🚩
TGF-beta
local mitogen
antagonizes adipose cell differentiation
larger cells secreting more TNF-alfa
neural control
denervation
increases fat cell proliferation
inhibits lipolysis
thyroxin
glucocorticoids
dexamethasone
remove dead cells
lipid storage
blood vessels
lymph nodes
nerves
variable size
🚩in obesity, cell size heterogeneity ⬇
adipose tissue influenced by secretions
TNF receptors present in proximal area, decreases in distal parts of AT
phagocytic activity toward micro-organisms
function disappears when differentiated ointo adipocytes
sympathetic nervous system
sensory
not known why
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mass growth
hypertrophy
cell size ⬆
hyperplasia
cell number⬆
lack of capillaries
overgrowth of adipocytes
hypoxia
adipocyte necrosis
upreg. inflammatory cytokines
inflitration of macrophages
adiponectin ⬇
macrophage differentiation to M1