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Visual Timeline (For Lit Review) (Psychoanalysis (1895: Neurologist…

- - - - 1905: Freud publishes Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality with psychosexual phases: oral, anal, phallic-oedipal, latency, and mature genital
        
        1909: Freud introduces Psychoanalysis to America in his formative talk at Clark University
        
        Experience with depressed and self-destructive patients, and post-World War I society, Freud (finally) becomes dissatisfied with only oral and sexual motivations for behaviour.
        
        1920: (Post WWI)
        Freud suggests a "dual drive" theory of sexuality and aggression in Beyond the Pleasure Principle, to begin to explain human destructiveness. First appearance of id, ego, and superego
        
        With the rise of Hitler, the Freud family fled to London (1938). Within a year (1939), Sigmund Freud died. In the US, following the death of Freud, a new group of psychoanalysts began to explore the function of the ego
        
        1950s: (post-Freud's death) Heinz Hartmann, Kris Rappaport, and Lowenstein, built upon understandings of the synthetic function of the ego as a mediator in psychic functioning.
        Ego Psychologists (based heavily on Anna Freud's work) focus analytic work by attending to the defences (mediated by the ego) before exploring the deeper roots to the unconscious conflicts.
        
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        1950s: Jacques Lacan reinterpreted Freud’s theory of repression and displacement with the linguistic categories of metaphor and metonymy. Metaphor involves the substitution of one linguistic term for another which slips ‘beneath a bar’
        
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        1933: Jungian complex: a collection of thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and memories that focus on a single concept. The more elements attached to the complex, the greater its influence on the individual.
        Jung also believed that the personal unconscious was much nearer the surface than Freud suggested
        Jungian therapy is less concerned with repressed childhood experiences. It is the present and the future, which in his view was the key to both the analysis of neurosis and its treatment. Jung differs in his notion of the collective (or transpersonal) unconscious. This is his most original and controversial contribution to personality theory.
        
        Essay "Instinct and the Unconscious", Jung 1919 (for archetypes)
        
        Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Freud 1920
        
        Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, Freud 1905
    - - Freud suggests that at the root of hysterical symptoms were repressed memories of distressing occurrences, almost always having direct or indirect sexual associations
        
        1905: Three Essays His early formulation included the idea that because of societal restrictions, sexual wishes were repressed into an unconscious state, and that the energy of these unconscious wishes could be turned into anxiety or physical symptoms.
        
        1909: In the Case of the “Rat Man” (Freud 1909/1955), thought-avoidance is effected by conscious thought-distraction: “His original intention . . . had been repressed by his praying” (p. 193)
        
        1915: Freud's article “Repression” provides this definition of repression: “the essence of repression lies simply in the function of rejecting and keeping something out of consciousness” (p. 147, emphasis in the original).
        (Note: no mention in either the 1895 or 1915 that repression is itself an unconscious mechanism)
        
        1926: At first, Freud treated all these inhibitions or distortions of reality as “repression,” but he simplifies in 1926 to not lose original simple concept of repression (inhibition, suppression, etc.). Makes distinction between repression in the narrow (original) sense and “repression in the widest sense”: subsumes all defensive mechanisms, including repression in the narrow sense
        Renames the whole set "defence processes" or "defence mechanisms"
        
        1955: Sensing a problem with Breuer and Freud, the later psychoanalytic establishment adds a footnote:
        "This is the first appearance of the term “repressed” (‘ver- dra ̈ngt’) in what is to be its psycho-analytic sense.... The word “intentionally” merely indicates the existence of a motive and carries no implication of conscious intention" (Footnote 1, in Breuer & Freud [1895/1955], Studies on Hysteria, p. 10)
        
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        1936: Anna Freud's The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence Lays the foundation for ego psychology - what Lacan dislikes. Introduces the diktat that repression was unconscious and suppression was its conscious counterpart
        
        "Notes upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis (the Rat Man case history)", Freud 1909
        
        Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, Freud 1905
      - Studies on Hysteria, Breuer and Freud 1895
- - - - 2016: My Name is Lucy Barton by Elizabeth Strout is published
        
        "The Language of Madness", Tauchert 2015
        
        "Diary of a Literary Schizophrenic", Tauchert 2016
      - Witnessing for the Madwoman in Janet Frame's Faces in the Water', Schwartz 1996
      - Conformity and Deviance in the Fiction of Janet Frame, MacLennan 1988
      - Melancholia in Janet Frame's Faces in the Water, Gambaudo 2012
- - - - Cognitive science partakes in the memory wars (as highlighted in yellow) via the subsets of psychology and neuroscience, as psychoanalysis is notably absent from cognitive science. Part of being opposed to repression theory comes in the form of redfining the understanding of the unconscious
        
        Cognitive literary studies
        
        Cognitive literary studies has "an overriding interest int he active (and largely unconscious) mental processing that makes behaviour understandable" (Richardson 2004), by utilising the interdisciplinary exchange that is the foundation of cognitive sciences.
        
        Biwu (2014) reviews much of cognitive literary studies' early literature, pointing to the 1990s as the main space of initial growth for the movement (citing Turner, Tsur, and Spolsky as writing key founding literature). Interestingly, Biwu calls Holland's 1989 The Brain of Robert Frost: A Cognitive Approach to Literature both neuroscientific and psychoanalytic (need to try and find a copy of the book).
        
        "What Literature Teaches us about Emotion: Synthesizing Affective Science and Literary Study", Hogan 2015
        
        "The Value of Qualitative Research for Cognitive Literary Studies", Otis 2015
        
        "The ‘hard’ problem from a literary perspective: on cognitive literary criticism", Park 2015
        
        " Cognitive Literary Science: Developments and Perspectives", Biwu 2014
        
        "The Epistemology of Cognitive Literary Studies", Hart 2001
        
        "The Dilemma of Cognitive Literary Studies", Park 2015
      - "Cognition Everywhere:
        The Rise of the Cognitive Nonconscious and the Costs of Consciousness", Hayles 2014
      - "The Cognitive Nonconscious: Enlarging the Mind of the Humanities", Hayles 2016
      - "The New Unconscious: A Literary Guided Tour", Vermeule 2015
      - Strangers to Ourselves, Wilson 2002
      - Disability Studies
        
        Disability studies maintains a similar discursive balance between art and science while analysing the (mis)representation and understanding of disability and diversity within intersecting artistic and scientific fields
        
        "Disability and Popular Fiction: Reading Representations", Coogan 2010
        
        "Disability Studies", Rembis 2017
      - Empathy Studies
        
        Attempting to empirically measure and engage with the phenomena of empathy. Two key areas of research between emotional and cognitive empathy. It is a space where literature and neuroscience can converge productively.
        
        Feeling Your Pain Exploring Empathy in Literature and Neuroscience, Fowler and Shigley 2014
        
        Empathy Studies, Keen 2018
        
        Literature and Empathy, Fischer 2017