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P6 (Particles (Alpha (Nucleus of a helium atom, α, He²⁺, Stopped by skin…
P6
Particles
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Gamma
Not a particle, but EM wave
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Lowest ionising power (no charge, no mass)
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Radiation
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Absorbing
Photon - packets of energy, proportional to frequency
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E.g. UV, X-rays & gamma ray frequencies can ionise atoms
Emitting
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...energies involved are higher, so radiation is higher energy
Uses
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Danger
Contamination
Once internally contaminated, cannot be removed
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Medicine
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Tracers
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Too short, will decay before image is produced
Too long, increases risk of cancer
Nuclear
Fission
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Neutrons produced trigger other reactions, chain reaction
Need enough nuclei around first nuclei, otherwise neutrons escape
Power station controls reaction by absorbing neutrons (e.g. boron, silver control rods)
Nuclear bomb, no absorption, lotsa energy transferred quickly
Fusion
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Nuclei have same charge & repel, so need energy
'Valleys' show energy needed & stability, deepest valley is iron
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Conditions
High temp., nuclei move at high speed
High pressure, nuclei close enough to fuse
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