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Ecosystems (Components of ecosystems ((Consumers – animals that eat plants…
Ecosystems
Components of ecosystems
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The physical environment – all the non-biological components of the ecosystem, eg. water and soil in a pond
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:: Living components KA biotic, non-living (physical) components KA abiotic
Habitat – the place where an organism lives,
eg. habitats in a pond include the open water, mud at bottom and surface water
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Feeding relationships
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Ecological pyramids
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Two main types:
Pyramid of numbers
Represents the numbers of organisms in each trophic level in a food chain, irrespective of their mass
Pyramid of biomass
Shows the total mass of the organisms in each trophic level, irrespective of their numbers
Dry biomass can be found by killing, drying in an oven and weighing an organism
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Flow of energy
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Key ideas:
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If this energy is used to produce new cells, then it remains fixed in the organism
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The nitrogen cycle
PROTEIN IN PLANTS
feeding
PROTEIN IN ANIMALS
death
PROTEIN IN DETRITUS
decomposers
AMMONIA
nitrifying bacteria
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Nitrogen is present in proteins, amino acids, most vitamins, DNA, ATP, etc.
Denitrifying bacteria use nitrates as an energy source and convert them into nitrogen gas – reduces the amount of nitrate in the soil
Free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil convert nitrogen gas into ammonia – used to make amino acids and proteins
When they die their proteins decompose, releasing ammonia back to the soil
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules make ammonia but it is converted by the plant into amino acids etc.
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The carbon cycle
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Carbon is present in carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, DNA, vitamins, etc.