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Chemistry (Ions (Charges (Group 2 has a 2+ charge, Group 3 has a 3+ charge…
Chemistry
Ions
Ions are elements with a different number of electrons to their natural state but the same number of protons and neutrons as normal
If it has more electrons than protons it will have a negative charge, 1- for each each extra electron.
If it has less electrons than protons it will have a positive charge, 1+ for each electron less than normal.
Ions have lost or gained electrons in order to gain a full outer shell of electrons (This means that the noble gases, group 8, do not become ions)
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Electron Structure
Electron structure is written like this: P - 2,8,5
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Elements in the same group (column in the periodic table) have the same number of electrons in the outer shell.
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Atomic Structure
Particles
Proton, Mass 1, Charge +1
Neutron, Mass 1, Charge 0
Electron, Mass 1/1836 ≈ 0, Charge -1
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Isotopes
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Carbon
Carbon 12, 6 neutrons, most common
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They have different physical properties because they have a different mss but the same chemical properties because chemical reactions are the exchange of electrons and that stays the same
Separating Mixtures
Solid and liquid
If the solid is soluble
Evaporate of the water, crystallisation
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