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Programming and Development (Methodology (Defined Processes (Based upon…

- - - - Originated in manufacturing
    - - Management and control arise from predictability of defined processes
        
        Since processes are defined they can be grouped together and expected to continue to operate predictably and repeatedly
        
        When applied to software development....
        
        Possible and desirable to define a simple repeatable development processes, with associated techniques, in order to ensure a predictable outcome from SysDev projects
        
        Knowledge base of processes and techniques
        
        dependencies between elements in the KB form defined project templates, each tailored to meet the needs of specific types of project
        
        Online transaction processing
        
        batch processing
        
        web development
  - - - Mid 1970s
      - New York Telephone Company's Systems Development Center
      - Iterative Deployment
      - Prototypes
    - - Exploratory
        
        Requirements evolve in parallel to system
      - Collaborative
        
        Users, analysts, designers, developers work together
      - Focus on working software
        
        Documentation is important, but more emphasis should be given to development and refinement
      - Fllexible
        
        Focus on business need at all times. This may change.
      - Common agile methodologies and frameworks
        
        Extreme Programming (XP)
        
        Exploratory/empirical - iterative; frequent, incremental delivery; pair programming; test-first development
        
        DSDM
        
        Exploratory/empirical - iterative; frequent, incremental delivery. Fully formed methodology including role, technique, and deliverable definitions
        
        Scrum
        
        Exploratory/empirical - iterative; frequent, incremental delivery.
        Lightweight framework - no definition of how to conduct the work within a sprint (iteration)
        
        Adaptive Software development
        
        Evolved from RAD. Exploratory/empirical; iterative speculate, elaborate, and learn cycles. Frequent, incremental delivery; feature-based
        
        Crystal Clear
        
        Exploratory/empirical; iterative; frequent, incremental delivery.
        Lightweight framework - focus on people not processes. Reflective improvement. osmotic communication with small teams of co-located devs
        
        Lean Systems development
        
        Exploratory/empirical; iterative; frequent; incremental delivery. TOYOTA
        
        Test-driven development
        
        Devs write test cases before coding. write and refactor until it passes tests.
        Related to test-first in XP but used in it's own right
        
        Feature-driven development
        
        Iterative; frequent, incremental delivery; model-driven. Concept of feature, similar to scrum, except own 5-stage process. Scrum has none defined.
        
        Kanban
        
        TOYOTA. Managing knowledge work emphasis on JIT delivery, not overloading team members. Often combined with others eg. scrum.
        
        Agile Unified Process
        
        Exploratory/empirical - iterative, frequent, incremental delivery. Agile adaption of Unified Process
- - - - Applications in the cloud
    - - Services to enable customer to deploy applications
    - - Computing power, storage, network capacity -> run software in the cloud (OS and apps)
  - - - Access app from any PC online
        
        Multitude of IT services
  - - - Up until recently, prohibitively expensive, tech not up to job
      - Lack of industry wide standards led to proprietary tools that could not be interchanged
    - - Conceptual model of a business domain
        
        Captures key requirements
        
        Used as basis for Platform-Specific Model (PSM)
        
        PIM
        
        Based on main analysis models expressed using UML notation.
        Represents business functionality and behaviour without the constraints of technology
        
        Converted
        
        Platform Specific Model (PSM)
        
        2 more items...
- - - - Selection
        
        Negotiation
        
        Purchase
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Not 100% fit to requirements
        
        Bespoke add-ons, components
        
        1 more item...
        
        Ownership issues
        
        License to use
        
        1 more item...
        
        Financial stability of the vendor
        
        Reliant on their own success
        
        Lack of competitive advantage
        
        Everyone could use same software, no market advantage
        
        Limited legal redress
        
        Product bought as seen
        
        1 more item...
        
        Changing nature of requirements
        
        Fits requirements at the point of purchase, these will likely change
        
        Advantages
        
        Cost
        
        Time
        
        Quality
        
        Documentation & Training
        
        Maintenance & enhancement
        
        Try before you buy
        
        Open source?
        
        End product available at no cost
        
        Independent developers can gain access to source code to maintain and support within their own organisation
        
        Source code available under license
        
        Anyone with necessary skills can change, improve, and redistribute the software free of license fees
        
        Developed and maintained collaboratively
        
        No guarantee of quality
- - - - Inside
        
        Discrete piece of software satisfying certain properties
        
        Device, artifact, or asset
      - Outside
        
        Interface that exposes a set of services to other components
- - - - COBOL programs
  - - - Object has properties and can perform operations (have behaviors)
    - - Classes define the attributes and operations a type of object can perform
      - Objects can communicate to other objects by sending a message to them, which in turn invokes an operation
        
        ENCAPSULATION
  - - - Website takes payment, uses service provider e.g. Paypal. No need to know how service is done, only the nature of service and details of message formats