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Quantitative research methods (Sampling Techniques (Stratified (With…
Quantitative research methods
Experiments
Variables
Independent
What changes
Extraneous/ Controlled
What is controlled
Dependent
What is measured
Types
Lab
is conducted in a well-controlled environment (not necessarily a laboratory)
Natural
Natural experiments are conducted in the everyday (i.e. real life) environment of the participants, but here the experimenter has no control over the IV as it occurs naturally in real life.
Quasi
independent variables that cannot be randomly assigned. Usually this happens when the independent variable in question is something that is an innate characteristic of the participants involved.
Field
Field experiments are done in the everyday (i.e. real life) environment of the participants
Designs
Independent samples
Repeated measures
The same participants take part in each condition of the independent variable
Matched pairs
Matched the participants according to certain variables such as ; age, gender. IQ.
Evaluating Research
Validity
Internal
refers to how well an experiment is done, especially whether it avoids confounding (more than one possible independent variable [cause] acting at the same time).
External
it is the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to and across other situations, people, stimuli, and times.
Ecological
The degree to which an investigation represents real-life experiences.
Research
Bias
Sampling bias
an error in choosing participants for a scientific study such that the results are distorted.
Researcher bias
is a process where the scientists performing the research influence the results, in order to portray a certain outcome.
Demand Characteristics
where the results of an experiment are biased because the experimenters' expectancy regarding the performance of the participants on a particular task create an implicit demand for the participants to perform as expected.
Sampling Techniques
Stratified
With stratified sampling, the researcher divides the population into separate groups, called strata. Then, a probability sample (often a simple random sample ) is drawn from each group.
Purposive
non-probability sample that is selected based on characteristics of a population and the objective of the study.
Random
a procedure for sampling from a population in which the selection of a sample unit is based on chance and every element of the population has a known, non-zero probability of being selected.
Volunteer
sampling technique where participants self-select to become part of a study because they volunteer when asked, or respond to an advert.
Snowball
participants are selected and then they drag in other people; such as friends, family. the idea is to make to sample size larger.
Convenience / opportunity
the state of being able to proceed with something without difficulty.
Drawing conclusions
Replication
the action of copying or reproducing something.
Triangulation
s a manipulation tactic where one person will not communicate directly with another person, instead using a third person to relay communication to the second, thus forming a triangle.
Correlation vs causation
Causation is the demonstration of how one variable influences (or the effect of a variable) another variable or other variables.
Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two variables are related.
Generalizations
the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli.
Ethical considerations
Anonymity
the condition of being anonymous.
Right to withdraw
The participants have the right to leave the experiment at any time
Consent
permission for something to happen or agreement to do something.
Debriefing
After the experiment the experimenter must debrief the participants about what happened in the experiment
Undue stress/ harm
An example of undue is a stressful situation that doesn't need to be stressful; undue stress.
Deception
the action of deceiving someone.
Standardization / control
Consistency and objectivity of how tests are administered and scored. In order to compare one person to another on a test, it is important that they take the test under the same conditions and the same scoring procedure is applied to both.
Correlations research
Correlational research is a type of nonexperimental research in which the researcher measures two variables and assesses the statistical relationship (i.e., the correlation) between them with little or no effort to control extraneous variables.