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J. House (Quality assesment scheme House’s (1997) model of translation…

- - - - Any mismatch along the dimensions is an error. There dimensional errors are called covertly erroneous errors. There are also overtly erroneous errors which result from a mismatch of the denotative meaning of ST and TT elements or from a divergence from the target language system
      - House eclectically adapted and modified Crystal and Davy’s (1969) scheme and came up with the following model:\
        A) Dimensions of language user
        
        Geographical origin
        
        Social class
        
        Time
        B) Dimensions of language use
        
        Medium: simple/complex
        
        Participation: simple/complex
        
        Social role relationship
        
        Social attitude
        
        Province
        
        Medium
        These distinctions between different combinations of spoken and written modes are important because, even if a text is meant to be spoken and is, in fact, at some stage spoken, there is still a difference between genuine spoken language (as in a conversation) and the above mentioned ‘spoken’ subcategories of the written mode.
        
        table
        
        Spoken mode
        To determine features of the spoken mode in the various manifestations of a complex medium, she considered phenomena such as structural simplicity,
        incompleteness of sentences,
        specific manner of text constitution,
        particular theme–rheme sequencing, subjectivity (marked, for instance, through the use of modal particles and gambits) and
        high redundancy.
        
        A text may be either a ‘simple’ monologue or dialogue, or a more ‘complex’ mixture involving
        Overt ‘monologue’, various means of indirect participation and indirect addressee involvement in a characteristic use of pronouns, switches between declarative, imperative and interrogative sentence patterns or the presence of contact parentheses, and exclamations.
        
        Social role relationship
        
        This is a role relationship between addresser and addressees, which may be either symmetrical (marked by the existence of solidarity or equality) or asymmetrical (marked by the presence of some kind of authority). In considering the addresser’s social role vis-à-vis the addressee(s), account is further taken of the relatively permanent position role (teacher, priest) and the more transient situational role (visitor in a prison, speaker at a given occasion).
        
        Social attitude
        
        It is the degree of social distance or proximity resulting in relative formality or informality.
        There are different styles suggested by Joos (1961), which consists of five different styles or levels of .formality:
        
        frozen
        
        formal
        
        consultative
        
        casual
        
        intimate.
        Transitional styles such as, for example, consultative-casual.
        1.Consultative is the most neutral style is . It is the norm for conversations or letters between strangers and it is mostly marked negatively,.
        2 . Casual style is especially marked by various degrees of implicitness, in which the addresser may indulge because of the level of intimacy between himself and the addressee(s). It is used with friends or ‘insiders’ of all kinds with whom the addresser has something to share or desires or imagines that there is something to share. colloquial styles, are used to deal with public information.**
        3.. Intimate style excludes such public information; it is the language used between people who are personally very close to each other, with a maximum of shared background information being available.
        4.Formal style deviates from consultative style in that addressee participation is to a large degree omitted. Formal texts are well structured, elaborate, logically sequenced, and strongly cohesive. They clearly demonstrate advance planning.
        5.Frozen style is the most formal, premeditated, often ‘literary’ style. Frozen texts may be consummate (досконалий) products of art meant for the education and edification of the readers
        
        this style may also be used in business letters, in which the social distance between writer and reader is thus given expression
        
        Province
        
        Province is thus very broadly defined,
        -referring not only to the text producer’s occupational and professional activity -
        but also to the field or topic of the text in its widest sense of ‘area of operation’ of the language activity as well as
        -details of the text production, as these can be deduced from the text itself.
    - - A covert translation ‘is a translation which enjoys the status of an original source text in the target culture’ (p. 69).
        The ST is not linked particularly to the ST culture or audience; both ST and TT address their respective receivers directly.
        Examples given by House are a tourist information booklet, a letter from a company chairman to the shareholders and an article in the Unesco Courier.
        The function of a covert translation is ‘to recreate, reproduce or represent in the translated text the function the original has in its linguacultural framework and discourse world’ (p. 114). It does this without taking the TT reader into the discourse world of the ST.
        Hence, equivalence is necessary at the level of genre and the individual text function, but what House (p. 114) calls a ‘cultural filter’ needs to be applied by the translator, modifying cultural elements and thus giving the impression that the TT is an original. This may involve changes at the levels of language/text and register. House (pp. 115–17) discusses the meaning of cultural filter in the context ofGerman–English comparative pragmatic studies which she has conducted and gives examples of different practices in the two cultures that need to be reflected in translation. For instance, she finds that German tends to prefer a more direct content focus, whereas English is more interpersonal. This would need to be reflected in covert translation, the letter from the company chairman being more interpersonal in English, for instance.
        
        Discourse Analysis - is a field of study which tries to investigate the relationship between language and the context in which it is used .D.A.involves a variety of processes grammatical and pragmatic.
        Discourses – are formed by the se sequence of utterance, which constitute a speech (conversation, joke)