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General revision Part 3 (Alcohols (image, They have a functional -OH group…
General revision Part 3
Organic Chemistry
- Organic chemistry = the branch of chemistry that deals with carbon compounds (other than simple salts such as carbonates, oxides, and carbides)
- Alkenes are hyrdocarbons with a double carbon bond. They are unsaturated
- Alkenes react with oxygen in combustion. Alkenes react with hydrogen, water and halogens by the addition across the carbon dioxide bond so that the double bond becomes a single carbon bond
Reaction profiles
- Endothermic reaction = is any process which requires or absorbs energy from its surroundings, usually in the form of heat
- Exothermic reaction = (of a reaction or process) accompanied by the release of heat.
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Reversible reactions
- It is a reaction where the reactants form products, which react together to give the reactants back. A and B can react to form C and D or, in the reverse reaction, C and D can react to form A and B
- They can endothermic or exothermic!
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The Haber process
- The Haber Process combines nitrogen from the air with hydrogen derived mainly from natural gas (methane) into ammonia. The reaction is reversible and the production of ammonia is exothermic.
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Tests for gases
- Chlorine: Litmus paper test: chlorine will turn a damp blue litmus paper red, and then it'll bleach it white
- Oxygen: Combustion: take a glowing splint and place it in a sample of gas, if it re-ignites the gas is oxygen
- Carbon dioxide: It turns lime water milky
- Hydrogen: If you hold a lit splint at the open end of the test tube containing hydrogen, you'll get a "squeaky pop"
Carboxylic acids
Carboxylic acid = an organic acid containing a carboxyl group. The simplest examples are methanoic (or formic) acid and ethanoic (or acetic) acid. They produce salt, water and Carbon dioxide
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Alcohols
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- Alcohols are used as solvents and fuels
- Ethanol can be made by fermentation
- Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol
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