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Vivaldi (Comparisons to Corelli (Harmony (Functional Harmony, Root…
Vivaldi
Comparisons to Corelli
Background
Christmas Concerto Op.6- Movement 5 largo 12/8 time. Movement 6 alludes to the shepherds in the manger. Son of wealthy landowning family. Studied music at Bologna Cathedral. All his compositions were in 6 volumes of 12 works/op.6 comprises 12 concerti grossi. Christmas Concerto is No.8 in the set written for mass to celebrate the Nativity.
Rhythm, metre and tempo
Dotted rhythms, additive rhythms. Sequence(14-19). Semiquavers in cadenza, compound quadruple metre.
Era/style
Examples of Baroque Concerto Grosso(1714). One work from the 12 concerti grossi. Based in Rome. One person playing the same part.
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Harmony
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Root position, with first and second inversions.
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Bass pedal note and soaring melody in violins, pedal through the melody. Main theme taken by 2nd violins, 1st violins play countermelody.
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Cycle of fifths in violin, chromaticism, diminished sevenths.
Texture
Contrapuntal, also melody with chordal accompaniment. Monophonic in cadenza.
Structure
4 movements
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3.Adagio, allegro, adagio
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Melody
Bass pedal note and soaring melody in violins, pedal throughout melody. Main theme taken by 2nd violins and 1st violins play countermelody. Opening melody repeated a major 3rd lower. Cycle of 5ths in violin. Chromaticism, diminished 7ths, sequences.
Tonality
Modulation to dominant of D major. Then to relative minor- E minor, then A minor and remote key of B minor, returns to B major near end. No tierce de Picardie. Cycle of fifths progressions.
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Harmony
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Frequent circles of fifths(mainly root and 1st inversion), but some diminished 7th chords,
Suspensions are common, some chromaticism, bass line.
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Chromaticism, descending chromaticism/bass line.
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Rhythm, metre and tempo
Allegro, Adagio e spiccato, Largo e spiccato, Allegro.
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Duple/triple, quadruple, compound quadruple and use of dotted rhythms in Siciliano III.
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Tonality
D minor- vast majority remains in this key. But modulations to A minor, G minor, F minor.
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Structure
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- short intro(adagio and allegro), then fugal entries and alternating passages between orchestra and soloists.
- Slow compound time style of siciliano- A-B-A ternary form.
- Ritornello and episodes alternate. Theme begins with concertino, but concertino and ripieno alternate. There is then virtuoso playing in the 1st violin solo.
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Background
Venetian composer, worked at Ospedale della pietà home. Regarded as one of the greatest Baroque composers, as well as being a virtuoso violinist. Wrote more than 40 operas.
Era/style
Late Baroque(1711) Concerto Grosso 1 of 12 concertos from "L'estro Armonico". Intended to impress due to the diverse style and scoring. Model for 18th century concerto.
Dynamics
Terraced dynamics, contrasts between loud and soft. No cresc. or dim. Marks, mp and mf are avoided.