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Cell Receptors (*Insulin vs Glucagon Receptors insulin = tyrosine kinase…

- - - - Notes:
        
        glycogen is released from stores by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase
        
        note that below, no matter the receptor, the activation of glycogen phosphorylase is in the name
        --> activated by phosphorylation
        --> cAMP + PKA (glucagon + Epi.)
        --> inhibited by Tyr. Kinase (insulin)
        
        the opposite is true for glycogen synthase
        --> activated by DEphosphorylation (Tyr. Kinase --> protein phosphatase)
    - - Glucagon receptors
        
        Glucagon Example
        
        Notes:
        -
        
        Glucagon receptors for Beta blocker overdose case
        
        Notes:
        
        note that
        
        Clinical Case
- - - - "stay IN, watch TV, PET a CAT"
        stay IN = intracellular receptors
        T = T3/T4
        V = Vitamin D
        P = progesterone
        E = estrogen
        T = Testosterone
        C = cortisol
        A = Aldosterone
        T = T3/T4
        intracellular = intracellular
        intracellular = intracellular
- - - - *G protein Receptors
        
        *Gq Protein receptors
        (q = contracting / Ca++)
        
        "PIP DAGs for PKC... IP3 = INdoPLasmic reticulum"
        --> PIP2 = phospholipid from the cell membrane
        --> PIP2 makes DAG and release PIP2 also
        --> DAG anchors the PKC to the cell membrane and gets it ready for Ca++ binding
        --> IP3 = INdoPLasmic reticulum"" = IP3 goes to the INdoPLastic reticulum to release Ca++ to bind to PKC and activate it
        
        5HT serotonin
        
        histamine H1
        
        angiotensin receptor 1
        
        NE binds to alpha 1 NE receptors
        
        GDP bound to alpha subunit of (α,β,γ) G protein --> phosphorylated to GTP
        
        the GTP-Alpha subunit leaves the Gq protein complex and activates the phospholipase C protein
        
        phospholipase C converts PIP2 from the plasma membrane into both
        --> DAG = dyacylglycerol
        --> IP3
        
        DAG prepares PKC = protein kinase C to be activated by anchoring it to the plasma membrane
        
        IP3 then travels to the sarcloplasmic reticulum to release Ca++
        
        Ca++ then travels to the PKC and DAG to activate PKC
        
        together these lead to muscle contraction
        
        *Gi Protein receptors
        (i = inhibitory)
        
        alpha 2 receptors
        
        *Gs Protein receptors
        (s = stimulating)
        
        beta receptors
        
        glucagon