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Plants (Plant defence (Physical defence responses to resist invasion of…
Plants
Plant defence
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- Tough waxy cuticle on leaves
- Layers of dead cells around stems which fall of
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- Poisons to deter herbivores
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- Thorns and hairs deter animals
- Leaves which droop or curl when touched
Respiration
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- Control of body temperature in mammals
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- As the oxidisation of glucose incomplete in anaerobic respiration much less energy is transferred than in aerboic respiration
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- The ethanol (alcohol) is useful for brewers and wine-makers, and the carbon dioxide is useful to bakers because it helps their bread rise
- Anaerobic respiration produces much less energy than aerobic respiration. The waste product, lactic acid, builds up in the muscles causing pain and tiredness . This leads to cramp. Lactic acid is only broken down when you start aerobic respiration again
Plant tissue
- Spongy mesophyll = Contains some chloroplast for photosynthesis but has air spaces and a large internal surface are to help with gas exchange by diffusion
- Xylem =is a transport tissue which carries water and dissolved mineral ions from the roots to the leaves, It is composed of hollow tubes strengthened by lignin adapted for the transport of water in the transportation stream
- Palisade mesophyll = Contains cells packed with chloroplast for photosynthesis
- Phloem = Is a transport tissue which carries dissolved sugars from the leaves around the plant. The movement of food molecules through the phloem tissue is called translocation
- Epidermal tissue = Cover the surface and protect them
- Meristem tissue = Is found at the growing tips of roots and shoots. It is made up of rapidly dividing plant cell parts that grow and differentiate into all the other cell types needed
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Photosynthesis
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Photsynthesis = Is an endothermic reaction (energy is taken in) in which light energy is transferred from the environment to the chloroplasts
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Uses from glucose:
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- Converted into insoluble starch for storage
- Used to produce cellulose- which strengthens the cell wall
- Used to produce fat or oil for storage
- Used to produce amino acids for protein synthesis
Plant disease
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- Nitrate ions are needed for protein synthesis and therefore will grow
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- Magnesium ions are needed to make chlorophyll
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Plant organ systems
- Root hair cells are adapted for the efficient uptake of water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport
- Osmosis= a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.
- Active transport = the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.