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Music 5th form (genres (waltz (3/4 time, 1 in a bar feel (fast tempo),…

- - - - become more through composed in romantic era
  - - - often subdivided into recitative, aria and choruses
        
        recitative
        
        tells story
        
        syllabic singing (no melisma)
        
        limited interest musically
        
        rhythm often quite free
        
        usually solo singer but sometimes conversation
        
        simple accompaniment, usually just continuo playing chords (unaccompanied recitative)
        
        sometimes accompanied recitative, chords doubled in strings, sometimes rythmicized for word painting effect
        
        aria
        
        meditation / contemplation on story
        
        essentially song for voice and orchestra
        
        sometimes features obbligato accompanying instrument which plays duet with solo voice
        
        can include melisma or vocal decoration / cadenza
        
        often contains self contained theme which is developed and returns
        
        aba form in baroque era
        
        chorus
        
        piece for choir and orchestra
        
        in bach's oratorios choruses often frame rest of piece
        
        sometimes chorus used as character in story for dramatic effect
        
        sometimes chorus intrudes on recitative or interrupts aria for dramatic effect
        
        also means choir, usually satb
- - - - Bach
      - Handel
      - Vivaldi
      - Purcell
  - - - haydn
      - mozart
      - beethoven
  - - - tchaikovsky
      - mendelsson
      - schumann
      - brahms
      - dvorak
      - verdi
      - wagner
      - chopin
      - liszt
      - strauss
  - - - dissonant harmony, sometimes atonal
      - angular melodies with wide intervals
      - irregular phrase structure, free rhythm
      - extreme registers
      - unusual instruments eg piano in orchestra
      - instrumental effects eg glissando
    - - impressionism
        
        similar to art movement
        
        term for descriptive music in which the programme (story) can be hinted at rather than clear, and the harmony moves towards non functionality
        
        imaginative colouristic orchestration
        
        harp
        
        whole tone and pentatonic scales
        
        chromatic and modal harmony
        
        composers
        
        ravel
        
        debussy
      - neo-classicism
        
        music of 1920s and 30s
        
        looked back at past music for inspiration
        
        traditional forms or a lot of counterpoint and imitation
        
        unusual instruments
        
        contrapuntal texture
        
        dissonant but mainly diatonic harmony
        
        small orchestra
        
        imaginative orchestration with extreme registers
        
        strong rythms from old dance forms
        
        witty or ironic pastiche
        
        extreme contrasts
        
        composers
        
        britten
        
        bartok
        
        hindemith
        
        shostakovich
        
        les six
      - jazz
        
        blues, particularly developed in new Orleans
        
        starts ins usa
        
        instruments
        
        saxophone (replaces clarinet)
        
        trumpet
        
        trombone
        
        piano
        
        bass
        
        influenced musical as well
        
        features
        
        improvisation
        
        blue notes
        
        syncopation
        
        instruments like saxophone or drumkit
        
        instrumental effects like glissando and muted brass
        
        composers
        
        bernstein
        
        gershwin
        
        charlie parker
        
        Charles mingus
        
        miles davis
        
        louis armstrong
        
        ella fitzgerald
        
        duke ellington
      - minimalism
        
        1970s
        
        highly repetitive
        
        reaction to highly complex and dissonant music from before
        
        inspired by polyrhythms of African music and rhythmic innovations of Stravinsky
        
        repetitive patterns that gradually shift and evolve
        
        ostinato and polyryhthm
        
        tuned percussion instruments eg marimba used frequently
        
        composers
        
        steve reich
        
        john adams
        
        terry riley
        
        philip glass
- - - - sitar
        
        plucked strings
        
        metallic sound
        
        melody instrument
      - sarangi
        
        bowed strings
        
        sympathetic strings
        
        indian violin
      - bansuri
        
        indian flute
      - tabla
        
        indian drums
        
        play tala
      - tambura
        
        plucked strings
        
        plays drone
    - - name for scale or mode used and improvised around
    - - name for rhythmic cycle used
    - - alap
        
        starts slowly with just melody and drone in free rhythm
      - jhor
        
        tabla comes in and music becomes more rhythmic
      - jhala
        
        music becomes very virtuosic and fast at end
  - - - erh-hu
        
        bowed strings
        
        chinese violin
      - ch'in
        
        plucked strings
      - dizi
        
        bamboo flute
      - sheng
        
        mouth organ
- - - - homophonic
        
        same sound, all parts move together
        
        chordal texture
        
        common in choral music where words need to be heard clearly (eg hymns)
        
        chorales use this
        
        melody and accompaniment sometimes described as homophonic also
      - polyphonic
        
        many sounds, parts move at different times
        
        usually imitative (aka contrapuntal) texture
        
        examples
        
        fugue
        
        polyphonic piece starting with one voice and adding more, popular in baroque era
        
        canon
        
        polyphonic texture involving exact imitation
        
        religious vocal music is often polyphonic
        
        romantic and baroque music often polyphonic, but can occur in all types of classical music
        
        rare in world music
      - monophonic
        
        one line of music
        
        single line in unison or in octaves
        
        one instrument or voice or many
        
        medieval church music always monophonic
      - melody and accompaniment
        
        clear melody line accompanied, often by homophonic chords and a bass line
        
        common in
        
        latin american music
        
        romantic and Classical eras
        
        westernized chinese music
        
        sometimes also known as homophonic
        
        indian classical music CAN be seen as sort of melody and accompaniment
      - heterophonic
        
        one melody line played by at least two instruments or voices at roughly same time but with slightly different ornamentation
        
        occurs regularly in world music, very rare in classical
        
        variations in different areas
        
        in chinese or arabian music, tends to be two or more instruments playing a melody line with different ornamentation with rhythmic accompaniment
        
        in japanese music, tends to be unaccompanied heterophonic texture with one instrument moving slightly ahead of other, sounds much more sparse
        
        in gamelan music from indonesia, same melody can be played at different speeds at the same time
      - polyrhythm
        
        to or more rhythmic patterns interacting at the same time (often 2 against 3)
        
        occurs commonly in african drumming or other african music
        
        also common in minimalism
        
        other 20th century music with complex rhythms can be seen as polyrhythmic
        
        doesn't tend to occur in earlier classical music, hemiola CAN be seen as sort of polyrhythmic effect