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Medicine (The Renaissance (vesalius (Importance (proved Galen incorrect…

- - - - four humours was believed but in 1700 not believed by physicians
      - manny people still believed god caused disease
      - People still believed in Miasma
    - - reduced influence of the church as people challenged authority so pole began to look for explanations for disease
      - fewer people believed in astrology and physicians stop using timing charts
      - urine was no logger used to find treatments
      - fewer people believed in supernatural or religion
      - direct observations and examinations were carried out more often
    - - look at symptoms of illness in detail
      - believed that disease had nothing to do with the person
      - doctor in loudon douring 1660 and 1670
      - disease as a whole not individual symptoms
  - - - proved Galen incorrect and encourage others to do the same
      - widely published in England and Europe
      - anatomy witch became central to the study of medicine
      - improved understanding of human body
      - proved the septum did not have holes to let blood flow , jaw bone one not two and kidneys were the same Hight in the body
  - - - physicals had better access to medical books
      - anatomy was being used as physicians became inspired
      - apothecary need licence to work
      - dissection was legalised
      - Apothecaries and surgons were better trained
    - - physicians trained at university
      - Apothecaries and surgeons were still not university trained
      - physicians still learned from textbooks rather than practical experience
  - - - transference meant people tried to transfer the disease
      - people tried to sweep the disease out and put it on fire
      - herbal remedies were popular treatment
      - similar to black death treatments
    - - little change between the two
      - 300 years between them
      - black death and the plague were the same
    - - few people believed in the four humours
      - knew it could be passed on person to person
      - miasma was the most common
    - - tar burned in streets
      - carts collected the dead than berried in deep graves
      - dog and catkilled and street cleand
      - boarded home or taken to pest house if someone had the plague for 28 day
      - thearters closed and large gathering band
      - day of fasting and public prayer were ordered
  - - - dissolutions of the monasteries in England to be closed
      - charity funded hospitals set up in 1700
      - had an apothecary to help make treatments for sick and a physicians to visit patents
      - pest house for people with specific disease could be cared for
      - hospital that reappear were ran by physicians that focused on treating the sick
    - - physicians were still expensive
      - there a member of comity to help make remedies
      - most people were cared at home
      - still believed it healthy living , traditional herbal remedies , cleanliness , bleeding , purging , superstitions and prayer
    - - regular changed clothes to keep clean rather than bathing
      - new herbal remedied appeared in England
      - moving miasma through sewage and rubbish removal
      - people believed in transference
    - - discoveries did not improve understanding disease
      - ideas were low to be accepted
      - direct use in improving treatment or preventing disease
  - - - as a royal physician he gained publicity - inspired others
      - observation and dissection copped by other people
      - improved understanding of the body and by 1700 his finding were being taught
      - proved some to Galen theories wrong
      - he lest unanswered questions
    - - carried out public dissections
      - doctors should record symptoms rather that relying on book
      - one of James I docters
      - studied medicine and became a lecturer
    - - blood cannot be produced by the liver and absorbed into the body like Galen thought
      - influenced technology like the water pump because it work the same way as the human body
      - researched Vesalius theory that blood flows towards the hart but only flows one way
      - arteries and vain plumbed blood to the hart in one system
  - - - 1665 royal society published a journal philosophical transactions
      - theories could be confirmed or dismissed and new finding could spared quickly
      - meant scientised could share ideas and encouraging findings
      - Charles II granted a royal charter to the royal society
    - - reduse church control as it cont hide unwanted infomation
      - scientist and doctors could share information
      - exapt coppie of text could be produced in shot time
      - invented in 1440 by Gutenberg - in 1500 there were hundreds in Europe
- - - - 1800 - alcohol and opium had low success to reduce pain
      - 1844 - laughing gas used in dentistry in USA
      - 1847 - ether made patents unconscious for a long time but patients could cough during operation and be sick afterwards
      - 1905 - novocaine was used as a general anaesthetic
      - 1847 - chloroform was effective and few side effects but difficult to get dose right and kill someone
      - 1884 - cocaine was the first local anaesthetic
      - ANAESTHETIC
    - - 1861 - half patents from surgery died from infection and lister become a surgeon
      - 1864 - lister read germ theory and learn carbolic acid kills parasites in sewage
      - 1865 - lister soaks bandages in carbolic acid to avid wounds infection
      - 1866 - lister use carbolic acid to clean wounds and spray to kill germs in air
      - 1877 - lister professor of surgery at king college hospital London
      - 1867 - lister wounds been free from infection for 9 months published his ideas
      - ANTISEPICS
    - - religion said god caused pain for a reason
      - took a long time for germ theory to be acepted
      - long-term effects unknown and being unconscious meant patients more likely to die
    - - more complex surgery became possible
      - death rate decreased
      - surgery became pain free and patents didn't struggle so surgeons could take more time and be carful
      - reduced infection
  - - - Pasteur admired Jenner and called his discovery vaccinations in tribute to him
      - Pasteur developed vaccine for animals against anthrax rabies and chicken chloera
      - Pasteur and team of scientised discovered weakened version of disease-causing microbe could be used to crat immunity
      - pasteur work inspires scientist to develop vaccines for human diseases
      - Pasteur germ theory of infection 1861
    - - what was in it
        
        public toiletes
        
        street lighting
        
        sewers
        
        public parks
        
        Clean water
        
        inspect lodging for cleanliness
        
        check quality of food sold in shops
        
        monitor building to prevent damp and overcrowding
        
        employ a public officer of health to monitor disease
      - reason
        
        government change attitude due to epidemics and increasing scientific evidence
        
        increasing number of men could vote by 1875
        
        government hadn't had fought it was there role to improve living conditions - laissez-faire
        
        government realised it had a responsibility to improve living condition
  - - - attended the first nurse training school in kaiserweth hospital
      - lead a team of nurses at the military hospital in scutair during Crimean war
      - nursing wasn't seen a respectable job - little training
      - miasma caudsed disease belived in hygiene , fresh air , good supplies and trainf for nurses
      - significant in improvements to hospital as made improvements
      - lowered death rate from 42% to 2%
      - reported in news papers and books - opened up a training school for nurses and midwives
    - - hospitals tried to create homily atmosphere
      - infirmaries set up for poorest in society
      - specialist hospitals developed
      - organised , clean and beater trained nurses given more central role assisting doctors
      - middle/upper class could afford doctors
      - 1859 the first cottage hospital was small
  - - - then worked as a GP birthplace
      - didn't understand why vaccination worked
      - worked at st Georges hospital
      - link between cowpox and smallpox was unique
      - trained in London as a surgeon and apothecary
      - born in 1749
    - - 1800 - 100000 people had been vaccinated
      - 1798 - royal society refused to publish published Jenner ideas so he paid to print his findings
      - 1804 - 12000 British people had been vaccinated
      - 1790 - scientific method to carry out exsperimanets as he infected local people with cow pox than small pox but none of them go ill
      - 1840 - government paid for vaccinations
      - Jenner collect evidence on the good and bad of small pox inculcations - notated people with cow pox didn't catch small poc
      - 1852 - vaccination made compulsory
      - 1720 - inculcating people against small pox by infecting some one with a mild stem of the dieses but people could still die
      - 1802 - the royal Jennerian society was set up to promote vaccinations
      - 1979 - WHO announced small pox had been wiped out
    - - spread quickly form person to person
      - survivors left with horrible scares
      - 18 centery smallpox that killed most children out of all the disease
    - - interfered with god plan
      - doctor lost money when government offered free vaccinations
      - wrong to give someone an animal disease
      - some doctors didn't vaccinate people properly so it didn't work
  - - - evented growing bacteria on agar jelly and chemical dyes stained bacteria so t could be seen under a microscopes - other scienists used his method
      - Robert Koch provide microbes caused disease and found TB and cholera
      - microbes in the air cause decay and that germs cause disease - unable to prove this
      - 1861 Pasteur published germ throry - incorrect spontanus generation
    - - miasma was still believed by many but becoming less popular
      - germs were produced by decay matter - spontaneous generation
    - - few doctors made the link between microbes and disease
      - Koch work had some impact and inspired others but it took time for doctor to accept germ theory
      - Pasteur had little impact on madersn to begin as he was not a doctor - most still believed in spontaneous generation
      - therefor it did not have a big impact
    - - 1850 had been improved to see tiny images
      - essential for break though in 19th century medicine
      - 1700 microscopes were developed so that bacteria and germs could be seen
  - - - outbreak of cholera in soho 1854 where snow lived he mapped all the death that seem to have strong link to the water pump on brood street
      - John removed the handle from the water pump and the amont of death feel dramatically which lead him to find out that the cesspit was leaking waste into the well
      - popular well-respected doctor and surgeon and he observed cholera epidemic in 1848-49 he theory was that cholera was spread to contamination of drinking water
      - in 1855 he presented his finding to the government
    - - mostly the poor were affected but some rich were to
      - symptoms are diarrhoea , vomiting and dehydration
      - it is known a the blue death as it turns skin blue
      - 19 century most people who had cholera died because there was no treatment
    - - death in Soho were stopped as people stopped using the pump
      - however people did not believe snow because there was no scientific evidence as germ theory did emerge tile 1861 so the government did nothing about it
      - however in 1875 London sewer was complete with other evidence like the great sink that it was need
      - 1875 the second public health act said city have o provide clean water so in the long-term he had an impact
    - - people believed cholera was caused by miasma
      - people tried to keep home clean and the street so they would get ill through miasma
      - the public health act 1848 suggest city should be cleaner but this was not compulsory
- - - - Koch discovered that different chemical dyes stained
      - Behring discovered the body , manufactures antitoxins
        
        Paul Ehrlich and his team reached the magic bullet which would kill the compound kill the microbe causing a disease
        
        team helped by German government funding worked for many years and tested many compounds of salvarsan to find one cure for syphilis
        
        1909 Dr Hata joined the team and discovered they had rejected a compound that worked
        
        1932Gerhard Domagk developed the second magic bullet prontosil which cured some type of blood poisoning
        
        Domagk work found that key ingredient in Prontosil Sulphonamide also cured pneumonia , scarlet fever and meningitis
    - - scientists found more mould and antibiotics that were effective against different diseases
      - chemical structure of different antibiotics was discovered scientised were able to make new antibiotic which solved the problem of having tow ate for them t grow
      - destroy bacteria to prevent it growth - first one penicillin
      - Antibiotics have saved millions of lives due to overuse and super bacteria which is resistance antibiotics have evolved
    - - this has made surgery more precise
      - surgery can know be carried out remotely with surgeons controlling robots through computers
    - - tiny cameras and surgical instrument devolvement means instead of making incisions and large cuts in the body
      - smaller instruments reduse recovery time and make it possible to reattach nerves and blood vessels
  - - - laboratories are able to test skin or blood
      - x-rays scans and endoscopes to see inside the body more clearly than ever befor
      - doctors today still use knowledge and medical books they combine this with medical testing and use science technology to discover what is wrong
      - monitors to see what going on over a period of time
      - scientific understanding and technology made diagnosing disease far more accurate
    - - hypodermic needles
      - MIR , CT and ultrasound scans
      - microscopes
      - insulin pumps
      - incubators
      - dialysis machines
      - x-rays
      - pacemakers
      - prosthetic limbs
      - blood pressure and blood sugar moitors
      - endoscopes
  - - - however in 1938 3000 people died from the diphtheria epidemic so the government funded an immunisation programme
      - vaccination is still controversial as some parents choose not to have there children vaccinated
      - in the 19th and 20th century people had to pay for vaccinations so some people could not afford them
    - - better disposal of rubbish and sewage as well as environmental health officers inspecting food outlets
      - impartments in law such as better health and safety at work , banning the advertising of cigarettes and smoking in public place
      - since 1948 the government has taken more action in preventing people from getting ill
      - funding more test and vaccinations as well as law reducing air and water pollution
    - - they allow you two see a GP have hospital care and operations also they give health care to the elderly
      - they also include ambulences and emergency treatment as well as health visits to pregnant women and young children
      - 1948 the National Health service was set up
    - - more people have access to health care but some industry ae still hard to get NHS help for e.g. dental treatment as there are few NHS dentists
      - NHS improved health care no matter how you are you have entitlement to free doctors however it still took time for doctors and hospitals to improve
    - - e.g. smoking and binge-drinking , with some success : the AIDS don't die of ignorance camping reduced cases of HIV infection
      - Change4life campaign encaged healthy behaviour to prevent disease
      - 1948 the government stated to funded publicly awareness about illness and health
  - - - discovery that stem cell can turn into any cell
      - but there not yet a cure for most genetics conditions or treatments
      - predicting whether some people are at risk of conditions like cancer
      - a better understanding of some genic conditions such as down syndrome
    - - 20th century scientists found DNA from microscopes
      - James Watson and Francis crick worked together on genetic codes of DNA and how they fitted together - also found out it had a double helix structure in 1953
      - 19th century mendal showed characteristics are passed between generation
      - 1990 james Watson led a human genome project and started identifying and mapping every gene in the human body
    - - drinking alchol
        
        to much alcohol lead to cancers as well as liver and kidnely disease
        
        alcohol is ok in little amounts but to on a big scale
      - diet
        
        living a balance diet has been shown to reduce chance in getting some cancer or hart disease
        
        however an unbalanced diet can lead to increase chance in getting certain caners and heart disease if you eat to much fat , sugar and salt
      - smoking
        
        smoking can lead to many conditions such as high blood pressure , hart disease and many cancers
        
        smoking is also bad for those around you
  - - - Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
        
        he assembled a group of scientised to help him one of them was Ernst Chain Chain a German biochemist
        
        they worked with Fleming and won a noble prize in physiology or medicine in 1945
        
        Florey was Australian and researching was rea way to kill bacteria
      - Alexander Fleming
        
        study soldiers infected wounds and there treatments many of them died
        
        after the war he worked in London trying to find healing bacterial infections
        
        worked on the battle fields in first world war
    - - 1941 - US drug companies agree to help fund the production of penicillin proved effective on humans , in December the USA enters the second World War
      - 1942 - mass production of penicillin by US drug companies financed by US government
      - 1940 - Penicillin proves effective on mice
      - 1943 - mass production of penicillin by uk drug companies
      - 1939 - Florey and Chain continue Fleming research
      - 1945 - Crowfoot Hodgkin identified penicillin chemical structure
      - 1929 - Fleming publishes his findings
      - 1951 - first chemical copy of penicillin created
      - 1928 - Fleming recognise that mould kills bacteria
    - - 1929 Fleming published his finding but did not believe penicillin would work on living people and no funding to continue his research
      - years latter Howard Florey and Ernst Chain continued his research
      - 1928 Alexander Fleming saw bacteria in a petri dish was killed by penicillin , he then tested this on other bacteria and found out the mould was a great antibiotic (penicillin)
      - proved effective on mice and tested it on humans so penicillin kills bacteria and therefor the infection - miracle drug
    - - when USA joined world war two the government saw a need for penicillin so had 21 country mass produce it
      - 1942 was when US companions began to mass produce it so in 1943 British companies did also
      - 1941 Florey asked drug companies and some agreed but only on a small scale this meant the effectiveness of penicillin was shown
      - Florey asked UK drug companies and factorise to help but these were being used in the war effort
  - - - radiotherapy to try to shrink the tumour or prevent its growth
      - chemotherapy to try to shrink the tumour or prevent the cancer returning
      - surgery to remove the tumour or carry out a lung transplant
    - - tax on tobacco products has been increasing and in 2007 smocking was band in public place and 2015 band to smock in car if under 18 year old are present
      - various campaigns have been funder to educate and advertise how bad smocking is for you
      - advertising cigarettes was banned in 1965 and in 1991 cigars and tobacco were banned from being advertised
      - shop aren't allowed to display cigarette and they became standardised in may 2016 to be green packets with graphic warning of the dangers whatever the brand
    - - also tiredness unexpected Weight loss and repeat chest infection and many other symptoms and these once normally devolve after the cancer become more serous
      - CT scenes are used to see if there a cluster call collected in one area
      - persistent cough and could even coughing up blood and breathlessness
- - - - test there faith or to correct sin
      - Made them ill
      - held back research
    - - normal people taught by the church
      - disapproved of challenging authority
      - monks and priest could read and wright so had all books
      - approved of Galen
      - follow Jesus and care for the sick - church owned hospitals
    - - Alignment of plants can cause diseases
      - used to help diagnose
  - - - the vilaage wise woman woukd also help take care of sick
      - normal by a female member
      - most people were treated at home
    - - diagnosed illness , gave treatments - could send to barber surgeons or apothecaries
      - expansive and very few of them
      - medically trained at university and passed exams
    - - bloodlettings , pulling teeth , lancing boils , cut hair and amputations - low success rate
      - cost less that a physicians
      - no training
    - - mixed medicines and ointments - used own knowledge
      - cost money but less than a physicians
      - traing but no qualification
    - - increased in number and infections diseases weren't allowed - could get specific hospitals for infections though
      - ran by the church and kept very clean
      - travels and pilgrims stayed for food and for recuperation
  - - - exercising
      - purifying air
      - blood letting and purging - most common pu
      - keeping streets clean
      - bathing and washing
    - - also know as remedies
      - herbs traditionally used
    - - self-punishment
      - lucky charms
      - chanting incantations
      - hanging a beak around your neck
      - living a christen life
  - - - cleaning rubbish from streets
      - lighting fire
      - praying and fasting
      - caring herbs and spices
    - - headache
      - vomiting , diarrhoea and abdominal pain
      - fever and chills
      - swelling of lymph glands
    - - miasma
      - position of plants unusual
      - sent by god
      - poisonous gas from vocanoes
    - - holding bread against buboes then burring it
      - taking cool bath and eating cool thing
      - cutting open buboes to drain the pus
      - praying and holding lucky charms
    - - carried by rats and fleas from trade ships
      - flea bit humans and the dies enters there blood
      - bubonic plague
  - - - Ancient Greek doctor
      - disagreed that god caused disese
      - Four Humours
        
        ill if humours were unbalanced
        
        Balance these humours to try and feel better
        
        mix of humours in the body
      - physical reason for illness that need a physical cure
      - treatments on diet , exercise , bleeding and purging
      - Hippocratic oath
    - - drew detailed diagram of humans using wounded or dead bodies
      - Greek doctor worked in ancient Rome
      - Theory of Opposites
        
        giving person opposite to there symptoms
        
        for example phlegm would give you hot peppers
        
        devpment of four humours
      - Treatment biased on the thery of opposites
    - - disease transmitted by bad air
      - bad smell indicate sin from god