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Biology B2 (Definitions (Adult stem cells-Stem cells that are found in…
Biology B2
Definitions
Adult stem cells-Stem cells that are found in adults that can differentiate and form limited number of cells.
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Embryonic stem cells-Stem cells from an early embryo that can differentiate to form the specialised cells of the body.
Mitosis-Part of the cell cycle where one set of new chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cycle forming two identical nuclei during cell division.
Stem cell-Undifferentiated cells with the potential to form a wide variety of different cells types.
Therapeutic cloning-A process where an embryo is produced that is genetically identical to the patient so the cells can then be used in medical treatments.
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stem cells
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During cell division each chromosome is copied, this is called 46 chromosomes (23 pairs of chromosomes).
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Cell Cycle
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Stage 2- Mitosis. Nucleus divides. Chromosomes lined up in the centre of the cell chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of the cells.
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New cells are needed for growth and to replace worn out cells. The new cells must have the same genetic information in them as the originals. Each cell has a nucleus containing the genes grouped together on chromosomes. The type of cells division that produces identical cells is known as mitosis.
Cell differentiation.
As an organism develops, cells differentiate to form different types of cells. Most types of animal cells differentiate at an early stage whereas many types of plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life. In mature animals, cell division is mainly restricted to repair and replacement.
Embryonic stem cells from human embryos and adult stem cells from bone marrow can be made to differentiate into many different types of cell. Treatment with stem cells may be able to help conditions such as paralysis. Stem cells from plant meristems are used to produce new plant clones for research, horticulture, and agriculture.
Treatment with stem cell from embryos or adult cells cloning may be able help with conditions such as diabetes. In therapeutic cloning an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient so they are not rejected and may be used for medical treatment. The use of stem cell has some potential risks and some people have ethical or religious objections.
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Biology B1a
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Diffusion.
Diffusion is the net of movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down a concentration gradient. Diffusion is a passive process.
Osmosis.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a dilute solution across a partially permeable membrane.
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