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Tanzania Case Study (Statistics (Climate: (Tropical along coast, Temperate…
Tanzania Case Study
Statistics
Area: 950,000km2
Capital city: Dodoma
Climate:
Tropical along coast
Temperate in the highlands
44% of area is agricultural
$3100 GDP per capita
UN HDI: 159th in the world
52Mn people – 68% rural
Median age: 17 – 44% is under 15
Life expectancy: 62
17Mn undernourished
Goat Aid
Bottom-up
Farm Africa imported Toggenburg goats
Each goat cost £400
FA spent £200,000
Each has the potential to produce 3L of milk per day
Villagers were trained before receiving a goat
Goats were distributed on credit
People wouldn't have cared for them if they were for free
The villagers appreciated the goats because of the value they bring
Farmers on Goat Aid made 3x as much as farmers who were not
Extra income spent mainly on school fees, consumer goods and medical bills – increase in standard of living
Criticisms
Goats require a lot of water
Goats can damage the land
Can lead to desertification
From their hooves and grazing
Expensive vet bills
Small-scale – not ambitious enough
Past attempt to achieve food security
1973-4 – Tanzania experienced severe drought
– importing 90% of maize and 80% of wheat
1975 – Relied on emergency food aid shipments
Canada Wheat Project
Tanzania asked Canada for help in growing wheat because of Canada's expertise
Objective was to boost internal production of wheat to release finance otherwise spent on food
Area chosed was semi-arid and dominated by woodland interspersed with large open grassland – great conditions for growing wheat
Seven government-owned farms were set up
Canada provided $200Mn in aid
High-tech, large scale and highly mechanised project – very few local jobs
Top down
Machinery imported from Canada – initially free but eventually Tanzania had to pay
Successes
By 1989 the region had produced 50,000 tons of wheat
80% of all wheat grown in Tanzania, 50% of all wheat used in Tanzania (rest is exported)
120 Tanzanians received training in wheat production
150 mechanics gained skills in vehicle maintenance
Up to 400 people worked on the farms
Infrastructure was improved – road, rail, electricity
1992 drought – Tanzania was the only sub-Saharan African country that did not rely on food aid
Unsuccessful
The 30,000-50,000 nomadic Barabaig cattle farmers that lived in the area were displaced, their grazing lands were curtailed and they were forced to attempt arable farming rather than their pastoral specialty
– Their livelihoods were severely threatened
– Their food security actually got worse
Yields were mostly quite low – would have been cheaper to import
Monoculture lead to bio-deserts in previously fertile lands
Topsoil was often washed away during heavy rains
Most Tanzanians eat maize because bread made from wheat was too expensive
There was no money for vehicle maintenance
Very few jobs were created
1968-1993
Current attempt to achieve food security in Tanzania
SAGCOT
Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania
Covers approximately 1/3 of mainland Tanzania
Designed to improve agricultural productivity, food security and livelihoods in Tanzania
Initiated at the World Economic Forum Africa summit – May 2010
Solves food insecurity by:
Attracting $2.1Bn in new private sector agribusiness investment
Supplying $1.3Bn in public sector facilitating investments in infrastructure and related public goods – achieve rapid and sustainable growth
Use funding to grow 6 key cluster areas
by 2030: will have created thousands of jobs and lifted millions out of poverty
Successes:
75,000 small farms linked to markets
2Mn people lifted out of poverty
188 commercial farms in the 6 areas
$1.14Bn invested in infrastructure
450,000 jobs created
Annual farming revenues of $1.2Bn
Criticisms
Most of the money invested benefits TNCs and large commercial farmers
Most of the promised investment has not been realised
Small landowners have not been involved in the planning process at all
Nomadic tribes have lost land and access to water
How is achieves its aims
Hub and out grower model
Improvements in infrastructure will attract big commercial farms in the cluster areas
Each farm will act as a hub and improve irrigation, seeds, fertiliser, local transport and storage in the area
Small surrounding farms will have access to these facilities and the commercial farmer expertise
Early successes: Kilombero Plantation
Trained 6,500 farmer families
Helped increase yields by x4.4
Invested hugely in tractors, irrigation, a rice mill and storage