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Defeat of the Central Powers (Technology (general) (aircraft…

- - - - malnutrition
      - serious food shortages
    - - less reserves to draw on
      - production failed to keep pace with Allied increases (due to blockade & lack of raw materials)
      - Ludendorff Offensive failed due to lack of reserves
    - - supplies were not reaching troops
      - less efficient at organizing war economy
  - - - failure of speedy victory
      - Bringing Br
      - two fronts
      - halted offensive ended in stalemate
    - - the central powers did not have the manpower to embark on such an operation
      - Germany could not afford the loss
      - public sentiment question the sacrifice & away from supporting the war effort
      - more being drawn to the front = more labour shortages and fell in production
    - - failed and brought USA in
      - vital to boosting Allied resources
      - anti-German sentiment in an isolationist nation
      - due to desperation to break Brit Blockade
      - Gamble: forced Brit into capitulation
    - - unable to sustain loss
      - destroyed morale
      - Last Straw & collapse of army
      - verge of starvation & US entry
      - risk everything on quick victory
      - 800,000 casualties
      - Broke Ludendorff's nerve demanding quick end to save army from destruction
    - - AH = burden
        
        outdated military lacked modernization
        
        disunited leadership
        
        weaker than Russia
        
        Germany had to come to aid = stretch resources
      - weaker alliance with fewer combined resources
      - Bulgaria
        
        Balkan wars = economic losses
        
        no fully prepared
      - Turkey
  - - - chaotic bureaucratic systems
      - few policies to alleviate hardship
      - priorities were on the military (83%vs. 2%)
      - Hindenburg programme and demand for sacrifice caused resentments
      - chaos of bureaucratic jungle = counter productive decisions (kill pigs）
      - key interest groups = limited effectiveness
    - - severe malnutrition
      - inefficient regulation
      - little to alleviate hardship
      - hunger + queuing + black market + war profiteering
      - affect ability to supply troops
      - bureaucratic morass = corporations compete with feral gos
      - War Food Office = powerless
      - 750,000 death
    - - political polarization in last 2 years
      - 1916: opposition due to huge losses
      - question sacrifice
      - hunger + long working hours + Hindenburg Programme = resentment
      - emerged strikes & rallies challenging the dictatorship
      - further inspired by Russian revolution + USA entry
      - USPD
      - even more strikes and mutinies industry stopped work
    - - huge casualties & hunger
      - tightening military leadership and demanding sacrifice
      - frustration led to violence
      - economic situation + continue military failure = internal collaspe
    - - severe labour shortages
      - did not employ women to that scale
      - lack or raw materials hindering production
      - having to cut down on civilian goods
      - attempt at bringing industry under control but never as successful (key interest groups)
      - Hindenburg Programme was only a strain on economy
      - Supreme War office couldn't solve the bureaucratic mess due to interests groups
      - Auxiliary Labour Law caused resentment and failed to mobilise labour because of absolute shortages
- - - - dreadful food shortages
      - starve the German population into submission
      - N Sea & Eng Channel = inspection of Neutral shipping
      - fell in production
      - stop imports = Royal Navy seized goods
      - had the control over the trade routes
      - able to supply itself + stop supplies to enemy
      - move troops across Brit empire
      - transport US men and resources in the final stage
    - - convoy system
      - supplies from USA and colonies
      - never real shortages
  - - - 2m soldiers lacking war weainess
      - massive economic resources supplying money weaponry and warships
      - the knowledge = stiffen Allied resolve & shaken Germans morale
      - boosted resources
    - - far greater reserves (Brit & Russian empires)
      - saw a rise in production
      - food supplies were less affected by blockade + government distribution measures were effective
      - Brit Empire 2.5+ m
      - top industrial capacity (Br Fr USA)
  - - - tanks + artillery + aircraft + infantry in close cooperation
      - took the lead in using planes in conjunction with infantry tanks and artillery = better coordination
      - 1918 important role in victory
  - - - more collectivism and war time consensus
    - - Lloyd George & Ministry of Munitions
      - 1915 Great Shell shortage
      - nationalise factories + national factories
      - employment of women
      - ammunition output (machine gun) increased drastically
      - 'war socialism' was effective saw an increase in production
    - - government subsidy and price control
      - systematic rationing 1918 with Ministry of Food and National Ration book and strict regulation
      - no real shortages = amount allowed was generous
      - consumption/diet increased
      - malnutrition fell by 50%