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ENGLISH (1st Period (Grammar Present Tenses (Habits and routines. Ex: she…
ENGLISH
1st Period
Grammar Present Tenses
- Habits and routines. Ex: she goes to school every day. - Timetable. Ex: the class starts at 8 am
- General truths. Ex: elephants have big ears.
- Timetable. Ex: the class starts at 8 am
- Description of plots or films. Ex: the story begins in Spain.
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Vocabulary of Music
- The chart: an official weekly list of the most popular songs.
- Devoted fans: people who likes a singer very much.
- Massive hit: a very popular song.
- Background music: music playing quietly while you are doing something.
- Go solo: leave a band to start a music career by yourself.
- Lead singer: main singer in a band.
- Touring the world: travelling around the world giving live concerts.
Modals Ability, Possibility, managed to
Past
- Was/were able to or managed to: for a particular situation.
- Was/were or could: in general ability.
Future
- Can/will be able to: certain in particular situation.
- Will be: certain in a general ability.
- May/might: not certain.
2nd Period
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Grammar Past Tenses
Past Simple:
- For completed events in the past.
- For states in the past related to a particular time.
- subject + verb in past + complement
Past Continuous:
- For past events which happened for a relatively long time.
- For events happening around the time of another past event (in the past simple).
- subject + was/were + v ing + complement
Used to:
- For talking about past habits which aren't true now.
- subject + used to + vsf + complement
Past Perfect:
- For events which happened some time before or up to another point in the past.
- subject + had + vpp + complement
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Linking words
Sequence: First/Firstly - Second/Secondly - Third/Thirdly - Next, Last, Finally - The former...the latter - The first point is… - Then - Lastly - The following
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Contrast: despite - in spite of - though - although - even though - but - despite the fact that - in spite of the fact that - whereas - on the other hand - on the contrary - however - nevertheless - nonetheless
Addition: besides - and - apart from - in addition to - additionally - furthermore - moreover - also - too - as well as
Reason: due to/ due to the fact that - owing to/ owing to the fact that - because - because of - since - as - for
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Summarising: in short - in brief - in summary - to summarise - in a nutshell - to conclude - in conclusion
Reported Speech
Sequence of Tenses:
- Simple Present - Simple Past
- Present Continuous - Past Continuous
- Present Perfect - Past Perfect
- Past - Past Perfect
- Past Perfect - Past Perfect
- Past Continuous - Past Perfect Continuous - had been v ing
- can - could
- will - would
- must - had to
- have to/has to - had to
- should - should
Other Changes:
- here - there
- last year - the year before
- yesterday - the previous day/the day before
- 2 years ago - 2 years before
- now - then
- tomorrow - the following day
- next year - the following year
Request (favour): reporting verb: asked
Teacher to Mel: "Can you lend me a pen please?"
The teacher asked Mel to lend her a pen.
Command: reporting verb: told
Teacher to Emiliano: "Speak English in class"
The teacher told Emiliano to speak English.
Wh Question: reporting verb: asked
Teacher to Clorio: "What did you do yesterday?"
The teacher asked Clorio what he had done the day before.
Direct Question: reporting verb: asked
Teacher to Caro: "Have you studied here for a long time?"
The teacher asked Caro if she had studied there for a long time.
3rd Period
Prepositions
IN: centuries (the 1900's) - decades (the 90's) - years (1990) - months (March) - weeks (5 weeks) - seasons (Spring) - enclosed space (a car) - periods of time (the future) - holidays (the Easter Holiday) - parts of the day (the morning) - countries (France) - cities (Paris) - neighborhood (Manhattan)
ON: time (the weekend) - days (Monday) - dates (April 3rd) - specific days (my birthday) - holidays with "day" (Easter Day) - streets (Columbus street) - avenues (Seventh avenue) - surfaces (the floor) - means of transport (a bus) - communications (the radio)
AT: hours (3 p.m.) - parts of the day (midnight) - time (the moment) - holidays without "day" (Easter) - addresses (456 State street) - specific locations (the station)
good at - interested in - great at - afraid of - know about - talk to someone - talk about something - get fed up with - look for - look forward to. After prepositions if you use a verb it must be ing, example: I'm good at doing.
Second Conditional
Reality: She has many problems, she isn't happy.
Imaginary situation: If she didn't (past) have problems, she (would/could/might) be happy.
I wish / If only
- I wish + subject + verb "past" + complement: I wish my friend didn't use my phone without asking.
- If only + subject + (could/would/past) + vsf + complement: If only I could get any sunglasses.
Have/get something done
Subject + have/get + object + v. past participle
I cut my hair - I had my hair cut
A friend had his bike stolen.
Had.- for unpleasant situations or things.
For things we ask or persuade someone to do:
The police get the person to tell their story in detail.