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Gender in Education (Exter - Changing girl's ambitions (Sharpe - 1974 …
Gender in Education
Exter - Changing girl's ambitions
Sharpe - 1974 - low aspirations as education was unfeminine. LOVE, MARRIAGE, HUSBANDS, CHILDREN, JOBS, CAREERS.
1990 - ambitions changed - careers and being able to support themselves came first.
Fuller - 2011 interviews - girls - found that educational success was central to their identity - girls saw themselevs as creators of their own future - girls beleieved in meritocracy and aimed for careers that required qualifications
Eval - Reay - wc girls don't aspire because of the limited job opportunities available for them
Eval - Biggart - wc find motherhood to be the only viable option for their future hence see little point in education
Exter - The impact of feminism
Equal Pay Act - want to work because they get the same wage
Shared Parental Leave Act - Childbirth doesn't have to get in the way of your career
Media influences of images of independent women
Exter - Changes in Family Structure
Lone parent families increase = no male role model
Increase in female breadwinners = strong female role models
Fewer children = focus on career which links to 1967 free contraception - pill
Inter - Teacher Attention
Francis - boys attrated more attention but it is neg
Swann and Gradol - boys were more boistrous but girls interactio was positive and less frquent
French and French - analysed classroom interactions and found that boys receive more neg attention
Exter - Changes in women's employment
The pay gap has dropped from 30% to 17% since the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act was passed
In 2017 it was 18.4% so the gap is closing
Inter - Equal Opportunities
Equal Opportunity Act 2010 - encourages the identification and elimination of discrimination, sexual harrassment and their causes - progress of equality
1988 Education Reform Act - provided a national cirriculum to teach basic norms and values - league tables were introduced - OFSTED inspections - funding formula - open enrolement and selection
Inter - Positive Female Role Models
Feminisation of education - especially primary schools
However this will negatively impact boys as they have no ale role models and may see education as feminine and choose to misbehave
Inter - GCSEs and Coursework
Mitsos and Brown - change in assessment is the reason girls do better as they care about presentation of coursework - spend more time on it - meet deadlines - have a longer attention span
Eval - Gorard - the gender gap was consistent between 1975 and 1989 but then increased sharply = massive gap which was when GCSEs were introduced with coursework in every subject
"product of the changed system of assessmet rather than any more general failing of boys"
Inter - Selection and League Tables
Jackson - increasd opportunities for girls makes them more attractive compared to underachieveing boys creating a self fulfilling prophecy