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Back (suboccipital triangle 枕下三角 (superomedially 上內側 (rectus capitis…
Back
suboccipital triangle
枕下三角
superomedially
上內側
rectus capitis posterior major
頭後大直肌
C2 spinous process ~
lateral part of inferior nuchal line
神經
suboccipital nerve (C1)
枕下神經
在枕下三角中央
旁邊
rectus capitis posterior minor
頭後小直肌
神經
suboccipital nerve (C1)
枕下神經
C1 arch ~ medial part of inferior nuchal line
superolaterally
上外側
obliquus capitis superior
頭上斜肌
C1 transverse process ~ nuchal line
神經
suboccipital nerve (C1)
inferolaterally
下外側
obliquus capitis inferior
頭下斜肌
C2 arch ~ C1 transverse process
神經
greater occipital nerve (C2)
沒有直接和頭附著ㄛ
roof
semispinalis capitis
頭半棘肌
floor
posterior arch of C1 & posterior atlant-occipital membrane
中央
suboccipital nerve
vertebral artery (一點點)
功能
extend C1 & rotate C1/C2
spinal cord
spinal meninges
外
Dura mater
硬脊膜
epidural space
包含
adipose tissue
venous plexus
subdural space
什麼都沒有~但常有硬脊膜下腔血腫
dura sac
硬膜囊
範圍
foramen magnum~coccyx
tough, fibrous
中
Arachnoid mater
蜘蛛膜
subarachnoid space
包含
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
delicate, avascular
內
Pia mater
軟脊膜
lateral extension
denticulate ligament
齒狀韌帶
terminal filum
終絲
與薦骨sacrum相連
innermost, cannot dissected
範圍
foramen magnum ~ L1/L2/L3
延伸
C4-T1
nerve fibers to arms
T11-L1
nerve fibers to legs
組成
cervical nerves (8對)
從脊椎骨(C1-T1)"上方"出現
thoracic nerves (12)
從脊椎骨(T1-T12)"下方"出現
lumbar nerves (5)
從脊椎骨(L1-L5)下方出現
sacral nerves (5)
從脊椎骨(L1-L5)下方出現
coccygeal nerves (1)
L5下下方出現
conus medullaris /
medullary cone
脊髓圓錐
脊髓最末端
位置
L1/L2/L3
cauda equina
馬尾神經叢
lumbar cistern 腰池
(含有CSF)
脊髓麻醉進針處(L3以下)
loose bundle of spinal nerve roots
muscles
superficial / extrinsic layer
superficial
trapezius
斜方肌
Origin
skull, C7 & all T, ligamentum nuchal
Insertion
clavicle, scapular acromion, spine crest
神經支配
accessory n.
血液供應
superficial br. of transverse cervical a.
Action
elevation, depression of scapula
latissimus dorsi
擴背肌
O
thoracolumbar fascia, sacrum, iliac crest ( T6-L5, ribs10-12)
I
medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
神經
thoracodorsal n.
血管
thoracodorsal a.
A
adductor, medial rotator, extensor humerus
levator scapulae
提肩胛肌
O
C1-C4 transverse process
I
medial border of scapula
神經
dorsal scapular n.
血管
dorsal scapular a. / deep branch of transverse cervical a.
A
elevate scapula
rhomboid minor
小菱形肌
O
C7 & T1 spinous process
I
medial border of scapula
A
raise shoulder girdle, draw the scapula medially
神經
dorsal scapula n.
血管
dorsal scapula a.
rhomboid major
大菱形肌
O
T2-T5 spinous process
I
medial border of scapula
A
raise shoulder girdle, draw the scapula medially
神經
dorsal scapula n.
血管
dorsal scapula a.
intermediate
(respiratory muscle)
serratus posterior superior
上後鋸肌
O
C7-T3 spinal process & lower ligamentum nuchal
I
rib 1-4
神經
1-4 intercostal nerve (ventral rami)
serratus posterior inferior
下後鋸肌
O
thoracolumbar fascia, T11-L2 spinous process
I
rib 9-12 (last 4 ribs)
神經
9-12 intercostal (ventral rami)
功能
connect upper limbs to the trunk
control limb movements
deep / intrinsic layer
(erector spinal muscle)
superficial
splenius cervicis
頸夾肌
O
T3-T6 spinous process
I
C1-C3 transverse process
神經
posterior rami of spinal nerves
A
laterally flex neck & rotate head to one side
extend head & neck (與頭夾肌)
splenius capitis
頭夾肌
O
lower ligamentum nuchal
I
superior nuchal line & mastoid process (顳骨乳突)
神經
posterior rami of spinal nerves
A
laterally flex neck & rotate head to one side
extend head & neck (與頸夾肌)
deep
transversospinal muscles
橫脊肌群
semispinalis
半棘肌
4-6 segment
capitis
cervicis
thoracis
枕下三角
棘突連到橫突
multifidus
多裂肌
2-4 segment
rotatores
轉肌
1-2 segment
longus
跨1個脊椎骨
brevis
相鄰脊椎骨
minor deep
interspinal
棘間肌
上下棘突之間，藏在棘上韌帶下
intertransverse
橫突間肌
上下橫突之間
levatores costorum
提肋肌
肋骨與橫突之間
※與呼吸有關
intermediate
massive erector spinae
豎脊肌群
iliocostalis (lateral)
髂肋肌
cervicis
頸髂肋肌
thoracis
胸髂肋肌
lumborum
腰髂肋肌
神經
dorsal rami of spinal nerves
longissimus (intermediate)
最長肌
capitis
頭最長肌
cervicis
頸最長肌
thoracis
胸最長肌
神經
dorsal rami of spinal nerves
spinalis (medial)
棘肌
capitis
頭棘肌
cervicis
頸棘肌
thoracis
胸棘肌
神經
dorsal rami of spinal nerves
chief extensor of vertebral column
功能
maintain posture & control movement
of the vertebral column
圍繞thoracolumbar fascia(背部深筋膜)
神經：dorsal rami of spinal nerve
joints
joints of vertebral bodies
intervertebral(IV) disks
功能
weight bearing & strength
組成
peripheral
anulus fibrosus
纖維環
concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage
同心圓薄片纖維軟骨
前面厚，後面薄
central
nucleus pulposus
髓核
gel-like (含水量90%)
隨年紀增長水分流失→椎間盤會變薄→容易腰痛
herniation of nucleus pulposus
椎間盤突出
髓核衝破纖維環(後薄)→壓迫到神經→腿麻
無椎間盤區
C1-C2
sacrum
coccyx
ligament
anterior longitudinal ligament
位置
覆蓋椎體前側面與椎間盤
寬、強壯
功能
防止脊柱過度伸展hypertension(下腰)
posterior longitudinal ligament
位置
椎體正後方，椎孔裡面
窄、弱
功能
防止脊椎過度彎曲hyperflexion(敬禮)
joints of vertebral arches
zygapophysial joints
關節突關節
synovial joints 滑液關節
between superior & posterior articular processes
兩個脊椎骨的上下關節突 所構成的關節面
articular capsule
in cervical region
thin, loose
運動
cervical
slope from anterior to posterior
craniovertebral joints
顱頸關節
atlanto-occipital joints(2)
寰枕關節
位置
lateral masses of the atlas
& occipital condyles
分類
synovial joints
運動
nodding "YES" (flexion)
lateral bending & rotation
ligaments
anterior atlanto-occipital membrane
2 more items...
posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
2 more items...
atlanto-axial joints(3)
寰樞關節
midian (1)
位置
1 more item...
運動
1 more item...
分類
1 more item...
lateral (2)
位置
1 more item...
分類
1 more item...
ligament
cruciat ligament
十字韌帶
3 more items...
alar ligament
翼韌帶
2 more items...
tectorial membrane
覆膜
1 more item...
anterior atlantoaxial membrane
posterior atlantoaxial membrane
thoracic
vertical
無法屈曲，可以旋轉
lumbar
wrapped
可以屈曲，無法旋轉
ligament
supraspinous ligament
棘上韌帶
特殊範圍！
C7~sacrum
連接
apices of spinous process
interspinous ligament
連接
adjoining spinous process
intertransverse ligament
連接
adjoining transverse process
ligamentum flavum
黃韌帶
上下椎弓之間，椎孔裡
nuchal ligament
項韌帶
砍在脖子後方(C7以上)
bone
vertebral column
長度
adult：72~75 cm
範圍
cranium ~ coccyx
功能
protect spinal cord & nerve
support body weight
party rigid (脊椎骨) & flexible (椎間盤) axis
posture & locomotion
vertebrae
數量
child
33
adult
26
組成
cervical
7
thoracic
12
lumbar
5
sacrum
5 (1)
coccyx
4 (1)
nerves
blood vessels
※功能為呼吸，與上肢運動無關！