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Social Inequality in relation to Gender (patterns and trends in gender…
Social Inequality in relation to Gender
gender and life chances
education is commonly regarded as the main engine or the improvement in life chances and social mobility
females generally out-perform males at all levels of education
at GCSE, girls have consistently achieved a greater proportion of grades A* - C than boys
feminists = despite girls achievement in education, the 'hidden curriculum' means subjects are gender-stereotypical = leads to career choice and therefore opportunities or social mobility
patterns and trends in gender inequalities
work and employment
opportunity for females to experience
upward social mobility
is made difficult by actors such as horizontal and vertical segregation in the workplace, poverty, poor health, educational choices etc
UK labour market = characterised by
horizontal segregation
= different sectors are dominating by either male or female workers
women = 79% of the heath and social work
men = 10 times more likely than women to be employed in skilled trades and are also more likely to be managers and senior officials
vertical segregation
= males and females dominate different levels of jobs in terms of status, skill and pay
"glass ceilings"
- women can see top jobs but discrimination provides barriers that prevent women getting to them
despite it being illegal, 30,000 women were dismissed due to pregnancy, 440,000 women miss out on promotion and bonuses due to maternity leave
"motherhood penalty"
= pay gap and part time work
income and wealth
females accounted for less that one third in the top 1% of earners
on average women paid less than men because they are more likely to be in part-time or temporary casual employment - take time out of work due to pregnancy and childcare
retired women often have less income than men because they are less likely to have occupational private pensions because they have taken significant time off work to raise children
poverty
vertical segregation in the workplace has resulted in a
'feminisation of poverty'
= about a quarter of women will live in poverty when they retire compared with one in ten men
'
time poverty'
= women experience this as they spend younger year raising children whereas men spend this time to build up their career - so women start their job and have to learn from the very bottom
mothers in poverty were more likely to suffer poor mental and physical health = stress, depression, exhaustion, low self-esteem, shame
social mobility
men are 40% more likely to climb career ladder than women
women are still less likely to be upwardly mobile and more likely to be downwardly mobile
relative social mobility rates of working class women have caught up and overtaken those of men, although it remains the case that those born in working class families still face challenged in breaking through the glass ceiling
in 1970's females experience upward mobility - due to a decline in in number of well paid jobs in industrial and manufacturing base for men
education
girls have generally out-performed boys for some years now at GCSEs - often by a significant margin, except from maths
boys are more twice as likely as girls to be diagnosed as having special educational needs
four fifths of permanent exclusions from schools are boys
health
at all ages, women death rates are lower than mens
mens death rates are almost double those of owmens in every single class
58% of people aged 65 year over are women
mens health is associated with the risks and hazards with the manual jobs they do - industrial accidents and diseases
men are more likely to work fulltime and longer hours and more antisocial hours = health risks
"second sexism"
= Benatar claims men are more likely to be victim of discrimination than women = men conscripted to fight in wars and are often victims of violent crimes, women more likely to gain custody of child, most likely to get most dangerous and most unsecure jobs
family life and the crisis in masculinity
there is a crisis in modern masculinity, with men struggling to deal with pressures in their personal and professional lives = allegedly reason why male suicide is at a 15yr high
Mac an Ghail = working class boys experience 'crisis o masculinity'
they are socialised into seeing their future male identity and role as being 'breadwinner' - manufacturing industry has declined and long term male unemployment has become the norm
new jobs in service sector are dominated by females
working class boys eel that education and qualifications are irrelevant to their futures so choose for alternative sources of status such as deviant subcultures
role of fathers is changing
men more likely to attend births, and play a greater role in childcare than their own fathers - active role in the emotional development of children
Beck = in the late modern age, fathers can no longer rely on jobs to provide a sense of identity and fulfilment = look to their children to give them a sense of purpose
Gray = many fathers would like to spend more time with their children but are prevented by long work hours