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chemistry paper two (Chemical Of The Atmosphere (Green house gases and…

- - - - green house gas don't absorb incoming short wavelength radiation from the sun but do re-radiate in the warming of the surface of the earth - green house effect
      - human activity increases the amount of green house gasses like deforestation,burring fossil fuels ,agriculture and creating waste
      - carbon dioxide , methane and water vapour act like an insulating layer in the earth atmosphere to keep earth warm and suppot life
    - - I hard to fully understand earth climate because it is complex and there are so many variables it hard to make a model that is not over simplified
      - the average of the earth temperature has been increasing and that because of the extra carbon dioxide
    - - change in rainfall patterns means to much or to little water which effects crops as well as change in temperature
      - temperature lead to a change in amount of water which could effect habitat and could increase chance of storm
      - increase in global temperature could lead ice caps melting which means more flooding and coastal erosion
  - - - government could also cap the amount of green house gas a companies could produce or even invest in technology that captures carbon dioxide
      - using better proses that conserve energy and reduce waste
      - using more renewable energy recourse ad the government could tax companies based on how much green house gas they realise
    - - individual need to change there life style but they ever don't want to or have not been educated on how
      - not every international country government agree with reducing carbon footprint
      - there are big improvements that need to be made in technologies that result in lower carbon dioxide and the government making changes could impact economic growth
    - - you can still work out rough calculations of the carbon footprint though
      - the carbon footprint is hard because you have to consider everything from the making of the product to actorly using it
      - measure the amount of carbon dioxide and other green house gas realised form something over a life cycle of something
  - - - some of these animals became fossil fuels used today by being berried under mud and rocks
      - green plants and algae evolved to absorb carbon dioxide in photosynthesis and so sis marine animals to have shell and skeletons from the carbonates in the oceans
      - water vapour condensed and firmed oceans - carbon dioxide removed as it dissolved in the oceans causing reaction which coursed carbon percipients to form sediments and seabed
    - - algae and then green plants evolved over the last billons of years
      - oxygen levels built up in atmosphere more complex life like animals began to evolve
      - green plants and algae also produced oxygen through photosynthesis
      - 200 million years age the atmosphere reached 80% nitrogen 20% oxygen and less than 1% carbon dioxide , noble gas and water vapour
    - - there was mostly carbon dioxide in the air with little oxygen similar to the atmospheres of mars and Venus
      - volcanoes released nitrogen which built up in the atmosphere as well as water vapour and small amounts methane and ammonia
      - billion of years ago earth was explosive with surface covered volcanoes which erupted and released lots of gases
  - - - partials in the air can damage lungs when inhaled and lead to respiratory problems also bad for the environment
      - carbon monoxide which can stop your blood form caring oxygen through the blood
      - if there oxygen all fuel burns this is called complete combustion but if not all fuel burn become there not oxygen this is incomplete combustion
      - fossil fuels such as crude oil made from hydrocarbons are realised into the environment when they are oxidised
    - - there can also be bad for the health of humans
      - when these mix with clods thery create acid rain which kill plant and damages buildings
      - sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides is released during combustion such as fuel
- - - - increases pressure equilibrium will reduce as it move there will be fewer molecules of gas !
      - decrees pressure the equilibrium increase which means the there more molecules of gas
      - changing pressure only affects the equilibrium involving gas
      - balanced symbols equation for which reaction has more molecules
    - - system responds by bring itself to equilibrium so increasing reactions means it make more products and decreasing the products means decreasing the reactants
      - change in concentration means t will no longer be at a equilibrium
    - - decrees temperate means that equilibrium will move so more products realised exothermic rather than endothermic
      - if you raise the temperate the reaction will be endothermic and there will be more production a endothermic reaction
  - - - Increasing temerature
        
        temperature increased partical's move faster
        
        moving faster means particles collides
        
        more energy also means that there enough enery to make reaction happen
      - Increasing suface area
        
        the same volume but with more area to work on which makes collisions more frequently
        
        one practical reacts with a sold then they will break up into smaller pieces causing increase in surface area to volume ratio
      - Increasing Concentration/Pressure
        
        more particles knocking about in the same volume of water
        
        increase pressure could mean more number of particles in less space which mean more knocking about
      - Catalyst
        
        different catalyst need different reactions but they use and alternative reaction pathway to decrease the activation energy
        
        speed up the reaction with out using the reactions
        
        In living biological catalysis are used for example emzymes
    - - magnesium and HCI
        
        start the stop watch are record the mass balance - plot a graph to work out the mass lost
        
        repeat for more consternated acid
        
        add hydrochloric and then magnesium riboon to the acid after placing it on mass balance
      - sodium thiosulfate and HCI
        
        watch until the black cross disappear from inside the flask
        
        repeat the reaction with different concentration - higher the contraction the less time it take to disappear
        
        add dilute sodium this sulphate with a black cross under it
      - measuring rate of reaction
        
        change in mass
        
        regular intervals means you can plot a rate of reactions graph
        
        realise gas in your room but is the most accurate out of the three
        
        as the mass is realised measure on a balance (scale) - quicker the realised quicker the reaction
        
        mearing the speed of a reaction produce gas by mass balance
        
        volume gas given off
        
        the more gas given off the faster the reaction
        
        give accurate results that can be plotted on a graphed
        
        gas syringe to measurer the volume of gas removed
        
        change in colour
        
        results are subjective - different people get different results
        
        observe a mark through a solution and how long it take to despaired
        
        visual change can be seen when a transparent mixture turns precipitate witch means cloudy
        
        if the reactens are coloured how long it take for products to be colourless
    - - find the speed of a reaction by recording the amount of products formed or the amount of reactants used up over time
      - quicker reations are steepest and become flat over the least time
      - when reactants change into products for example rust on ion or weathering like acid rain
      - collision theory
        
        factor that increase the amount of collide increase the rate of reaction
        
        the collide have to be without energy
        
        more collisions there are the faster the reaction is - collision frequency
- - - - longer hydrocarbon have higher boiling points so are condensed into a black liquid at the bottom however the shorter chained hydrocarbons have low boiling points so they condensed near the top
      - during the prosses oil heated up until it turns to gas , enters the fractional distillation column where there is temperature gradient
      - at the end you have separate crude oil mixtures for different fractions which have different faction
      - lots of different hydrocarbons which are mostly alkenes make up hydrocarbons and are separated by fractional distillation
    - - fossil fuels are called non-renewable fuels
      - fossil fuel formed by the remains of plant and animals manly plankton which died millions of years ago buried under mud and because of high temperature turn into crude oil
      - fossil fuels take millions of year to make and at the moment we are using them up faster than they are being formed
  - - - produce alkenes as well which are more reactive than alkanes and are used as stating material when making other products like polymers
      - bromine water is used as attest for alkenes if it goes colourless
      - sort-chained hydrocarbons are flammable and are good fuel however long-chained hydrocarbon re thick gloopy liquid and not in high demand
      - cracking is used to turn longer-chained hydrocarbons into smaller ones which are more useful e.g. some are used as fuels
    - - they then use catalytic cracking to split apart on the surface of the specks of catalyst
      - you could used steam cracking which is when you vaporise the hydrocarbons , mix them with steam and then heat them up to high temperatures
      - you heat up long chained hydrocarbons by vaporise them which is then passed over hot powered aluminium oxide
      - creaking is a thermal decomposition reaction which means breaking molecules down by heating them up
    - - petrochemical industry uses hydrocarbons form crude oil for feedstock to make new compounds e.g. polymers
      - organic compounds because carbon atom can bond with different groups called homologous series e.g. Alkanes and alkenes
      - fuel used in most modern transport e.g. car and planes
  - - - more volatile the shorter the carbon chains
      - shorter the carbon chain the more flammable it is
      - shorter tha carbon chains the more runny it is the less viscous it (gloppy)
      - used for fuels e.g. shorter carbon chains with lower boiling point used for bottled gas
    - - hydrocarbon +oxygen :arrow_right: carbon dioxide + water
      - during the proses both carbon and hydrogen are oxidised
      - of any hydrocarbon oxygen is realised with lot of energy and the only waste product is carbon dioxide
      - hydrocarbons are fuels because of the amount of energy realised when combustion happens
    - - alkanes are saturated compounds
      - the first once are methane , ethane , propane and butane
      - they are in a homologous series
      - simplest type of hydrocarbons
- - - - the Rf value depends on the solvent and refers to the compound
      - Rf value = distance travel by substance B :heavy_division_sign: distance travelled by solvent A
    - - the substance moves between the stationary and the mobile phase until a equilibrium is found between them - how quickly the chemicals move depends on the substance
      - chemicals that spend more time in the mobile phase than stationary phase will move further than the stationary phase
      - used to separate substance in a mixture and identify them
      - the placement of spots may change through different solvents and if it a pure substance only one dot will be formed
      - during chromatography the stationary phase in the paper and the mobile phase is the solvent
    - - Stationary phase - where the molecules cant move this can be solid or a really thick liquid
      - Mobile phase - where the molecules can move this always a liquid or gas
  - - - glowing splint inside a test tube congaing oxygen the oxygen will relight the glowing splint
    - - bubbling carbon dioxide through an aqueous solution of lime water to turn it cloudy
    - - belches damp litmus paper truing it white
    - - hold a lit splint at the open end of a test tube contain hydrogen there will be a squeaky pop
  - - - impurities in your sample will increase the boiling point and have a sample of boiling range temperature
      - impurities in a substances means there a melting range and not a melting point
      - chemically pure substance has one melting or boiling point - test for purity by measuring meting or boiling point
    - - important in pharmaceutical industry for example formulation of a pill to make sure it goes to the right part of the body
      - formulations are found in cleaning products,fertilisers, metalalloys and food and drink-find information on packaging
      - formulations are made out of pigment , solvent , binder and additives
      - formulations are usef full mixtures made out of formula
    - - normally substance as being pure nothing has been add to it so it a natural sate e.g. milk
      - in chemistry pure means a substance only contains one compound thought nothing else mixed in
- - - - non-renewable resources such as uranium have been extracted from the ground and take million of years form
      - this means that there not a life time supply and we are using the faster than we are producing them
      - renewable resources renew at a fast rate foe example timber take a few year to re grow
    - - balance social economic and environmental effects
      - mining metal ores good because useful product but bad for the environment
      - modern materials made out of raw , finite resources eg. plastics , metals and building materials
    - - agriculture provides conditions were natural recourse can be enhanced for our needs
      - form without human input - anything that comes form the earth like air or sea but some of these products have been replace with synthetic products
  - - - LAC the person caring out the assent my be bais
      - selective LAC can only show part of story
      - use enery some natural recourses but It hard to give pollution a number value
    - - using the product
      - Manufacture and packaging
      - product disposal
      - Getting the raw material
  - - - production
        
        souse of water depands on location as surface water can dry up in warm arers so most supply comes from ground water but has to be treated to make sure it safe by filtration and sterilisation
        
        in some dry counters they use sea water as there is not enough dry water they can do this by distillation
        
        rain water is a type of fresh water high is ever collected on the surface or as ground water
        
        however sea water can only be treated by a prosed membranes and both distillation use osmosis which means leads of energy which is expensive
      - Drinking
        
        water is not pure as it contains dissolved substances
        
        level of devolved salts should not be to high because bacteria would be swimming around in it
        
        treated so it is safe for humans to drink
      - practical
        
        then drop in temperature will condense back into liquid and collect the water that runs out of the breaker
        
        tell if there salt weather there crystals at the bottom of the rounded flask
        
        you need water to be at a ph of 7 , add the water to the flask as it heat up it will evaporate
    - - sewage
        
        screening
        
        sedimentation
        
        effluent
        
        aerobic digestion
        
        realised back to the environment
        
        sludge
        
        fertiliser
        
        natural gas
      - originates
        
        domestic or agricultural treat to remove organic matter and harmful microbes before putting it back into river to stop a health rick
        
        industrial proses collected and treat water to as well as organic matter that contains chemicals undergo additional stages of treatment
        
        agricultural systems produce lot of water and nutrient run off from fields and slurry from animasl farmers