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BIOLOGICAL SCINCES (CELLS (CELL REPRODUCTION (5 stages of MITOSIS are…
BIOLOGICAL SCINCES
CELLS
A cell are the basic building blocks of all living things. It can be either made up of multiple cells and is called MULTICELLULAR or one cell is called UNICELLULAR
Cells can be found in both animals and plants. The general structure differs but they serve similar processes
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There are many different cells of many different sizes. Smaller objects such as viruses are measured in nanometres (nm) which is one-billionth of a metre
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Cells that contain a nucleus. The nucleus is a special, membrane-bound structure within the cell that keeps the DNA separate from the rest of the cytoplasm
The DNA within the nucleus is organised into chromosomes. These types of cells are found in animals, plants, fungi and protist kindoms
CELL REPRODUCTION
Cells need to reproduce for a number of reasons e.g.. repair, growth and regeneration. The type of cell reproduction that is involved with growth, repair and replacement is called MITOSIS
MITOSIS is the process of reproducing 1 cell to two cells (daughter cells). Each daughter cell is the same.
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STEM CELLS
Stem cells are cells in your body that can divide my MITOSIS to become a variety of different cells. Some STEM cells are found in bone marrow. These stem cells can divide to become red and white blood cells.
Stem cells from part of numerous research projects e.g. macular degeneration, Parkinsons disease, MS disease
MICROSCOPES
Very small things need to be magnified ot made bigger so they can become visible to us. Objects that can only be seen through a microscope are called microscopic
Microscopes help scientist see the tiny building blocks that make up living things. The type of microscopes used in schools are light microscopes. The light from a mirror or a lamp passes through a specimen or object into your eye. Before it hits your eye, the light passes through a series of lenses for the specimen/object to appear bigger
Light microscopes are classified as monocular microscopes because it only has one eye piece/ocular lens. Some light microscopes have two eye pieces/ocular lenses they are binocular microscopes
STEREO MICROSCOPES
When using stereo microscopes is like having two monocular microscopes joined together, with each one focusing on the same point but different angles. The image you see is in three dimensions. Anything can be placed under a stereo microscope
The distance between the objective lens and the specimen is much greater than in a monocular or binocular microscope. This means you can work on the specimen while viewing it, because it shows things in three dimensions
They are normally used to examine and dissect plants and animals, or parts of plants and animals
When you move the specimen under a stereo microscope the image moves that same way (move the specimen right the image will move right). With monocular and binocular microscopes its the opposite (move the specimen right the image will move left)
MAGNFICATION
The magnification on a microscope tells you how much bigger the image is than the real object (x10 the image is 10 times bigger than the original object
How much you can see of the specimen from looking through the eye piece is called the field of view. If we magnify a small piece of the specimen then you can see less of the whole. So as magnification increases, the field of view becomes smaller
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VERY SMALL MEASUREMENTS
Units like metres (m) or centimetres (cm) are normally used to describe your height, and centimetres or millimetres (mm) are used to describe the diameter of a coin or the length of a pin. However its hard to measure the diameter of a full stop at the end of a sentence because a full stop is less than a millimetre in diametre
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ELECTRON MICROSCOPES
Electron microscopes are much more powerful than light microscopes. Electron microscopes use beams of tiny particles called electrons instead of light. These can magnify up to million times
SPECIALISED ANIMAL CELLS
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MUSCLE CELLS
VOLUNTARY MUSCLES
(skeletal muscles) these are found attaching to bones of the skeleton. They provide support, structure, movement and you can choose if you want to move them.
INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES
(smooth muscles) these are found in parts of the body you don't need to think about it examples include muscles that are involved in breathing and food digestion. These muscles contain a lot of mitochondria because they use a lot of energy
CARDIAC MUSCLES
They are found in the heart. It is also involuntary muscle but has a stripped appearance. It does not get tired and has a large number of mitochondria to provide a continuous supply of energy. This allows the heart to beat continuously.
NERVE CELLS
Nerve cells make up your brain and carry information from the brain to parts of the body like muscles. They also carry information back to the brain
BLOOD CELLS
RED BLOOD CELLS - carry oxygen from the lungs around the body to cells where it is used to release energy needed. They also carry the waste product carbon dioxide back to the lungs for removal.
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FAT CELLS
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WHITE FAT CELLS - are used as a store of energy. These cells form an insulating layer under the skin that helps keep your body at a constant temperature
CELL ORGANISATION
Specialised cells aren't just scattered around the body but are organised with other cells of the same type
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