The crucial point, as far as policy-making is concerned, is that such benefits as arise from cross-ownership across traditional sectors of the media tend not to involve improved use of the limited resources available for the provision of media output, or any other economic gains which recognisably favour the interests of consumers or society at large. Instead, benefits tend to be of a corporate nature, primarily favouring the private interests of shareholders in specific media firms or, in some cases, managers of these firms.