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Management of Slums (Characteristics (substandard housing/illegal &…
Management of Slums
Characteristics
- substandard housing/illegal & inadequate building structures. built w/ non-permanent materials e.g. corrugated iron, w/ earthen floors
- overcrowding & high density. small rooms, high occupancy rates. shared room for cooking, sleeping.
- lack of basic svc.s (food, sanitation facilities, electricity, clean H2O, waste collection systems etc.)
- unhealthy living conditions & hazardous locations. due to open sewers, lack of pathways, uncontrolled waste dumping. slums may be found on land unsuitable for building (too steep), close to factories w/ toxic emissions (polluted)
- poverty & social exclusion. low Y is cause of slums. slum dwellers often not recognised by gov. slums perceived to have high lvls of crime.
- insecure tenure, irregular/informal settlements due to lack of any formal doc entitling occupant to occupy land/structure so slum dwellers often prevented from acquiring mortgage loans from banks. may be forced to move.
- min. settlement size to be classified 'slum'. e.g. Kolkata requires min. 700m2 w/ 300 ppl or 60 h/hs
e.g. (DC) HK: overcrowded (one place separated into 6-7 "parking lot" units) w/ shared facilities (1 toilet, kitchen) due to long waiting list for public housing (10 years), which is super ex (high DD, low SS)
e.g. (LDC) Manila: ppl live in Smokey Mountains (dumpsite: unhygienic, polluted air from burning) bc could not survive in big city. not a residential area so has substandard housing (shelters of wood & plastic) & lack basic svcs (no H2O & electricity. have to pay to use toilets) Smokey Tours as source of Y
e.g. (DC) S. Africa: whites are minorities & discriminated (social exclusion) live in tents & caravans @ camps. clean.
Intro
slum: heavily populated urban area characterised by substandard housing & squalor (dirty due to poverty)
past: declined housing over time as no/low maintenance by lower-Y ppl who rent @ low cost. present: vast informal settlements (expression of urban poverty). quality varies.
railway stations in India have resident pop. illegal but better access to g&s, less travel time, closer to city
slums: env. aspects of area. squatter settlement: illegal urban dev. on land not owned/rented by occupants
failure of gov. housing prog.s (SS X match DD, X enough budget allocated)-> ppl seek alt shelter
decent, affordable housing is basic requirement for human well-being yet much of pop. in cities of LDCs have most basic shelter. e.g. Dhaka (Bangladesh) 3.7m2 Washington DC 60m2 (per person)
Rural Push Factors
insufficient land quantity & poor land quality. land may not be suited to many crops-> shortages of cultivable land-> move
agricultural inefficiency like inefficient farming practices & scarcity of investment capital-> limit cap. of agri sector to provide for pop. limited dev. of other sectors restricts local employment opportunities
high pop. growth rates + failure to cater adequately to needs of growing pop. (X enough jobs, facilities)
agricultural intensification & intro of modern farming practices. to improve productivity, in M'sia, thousands of paddy farmers displaced as gov. invests in major irrigation schemes
large no. of migrants to city-> growth of slums + young adults predominate so high lvls of natural pop. increase
Urban Push Factors
future prospects: ppl more willing to endure ST difficulties in hopes of better prospects of economic gain & improved welfare in LT
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wage & employment differentials: higher wages, more job opportunities. may live in poor conditions but consider themselves better off economically than before
Strategies
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Self-help Schemes
slum upgrading
insertion of basic infra into neighbourhood. done in situ (place of origin), to reduce costs & disruption (than if were to move somewhere else)
(success): Jakarta's Kampung Improvement Programme. paved roads, provided health clinics & drainage canals for >500 kampungs-> LT sol.
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(failure): Dharavi Redev. Project failed as slum dwellers felt that gov.'s plan did not have their interests in mind, even lost faith-> refused Mhada's attempt to carry out redev.
site-and-svc scheme
local gov. lays on some amenities in a new place (relocation) but encourage slum dwellers to upgrade their buildings w/ grants/charity aid, according to certain guidelines
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criticisms: failed to recover costs (pay subsidised rates but sometimes, still cannot pay), inability to prevent a middle-class takeover
(failure): Metroville, Karachi in 1973. >4000 plots avail. but in '83, only 700 occupied, mostly by middle class (bc high costs to the poor)
(success): Incremental Dev. Project in Hyderabad. loan scheme was set up. pop. risen to over 2000 fam.s
approaches & their successes varies, depends on wealth of country. not transferrable (what works in a country may not work in another)