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Media Power 1, Media Power 1 (Ideological Perspectives (Left Perspective…

- - - - 'The ways in which dominant forces cohered, adapted, reconstituted themselves and sought to renew their authority in the face of challenges from below, in which he drew on the work of the Italian Marxist, Antonio Gramsci.'
      - 19th/20th century - public sphere underwent structural change, from private individuals to private organisations
      - 18th century - bourgeois rational debate
    - - 'The ‘given’ nature of nation states—as part of the unchanging, fixed order of things—has come to be questioned as a consequence of increased globalization.'
      - 'This account of media history unmasks the ideologies of nationalism'
      - 'The nation is a cultural construct and the media have played a part in its construction.'
    - - NEGATIVE
        
        'The growth of individualism that contributed to greater social tolerance also gave rise to a less cohesive society.'
      - POSITIVE
        
        'erosion of religion and the rise of individualism—encouraged greater moral pluralism and acceptance of different life styles.'
    - - NEGATIVE
        
        'view the media primarily as a source of consumer pleasure.'
        
        'distrust professional and state power'
      - POSITIVE
        
        One key theme of populist history is that broadcasting was rescued from elite cultural control
        
        ‘revolt of the masses’ in which an increase of social egalitarianism eroded the values of hierarchy'
        
        'Above all, it is represented as marking a real breakthrough in which the media were converted into becoming major sources of popular pleasure.'
    - - NEGATIVE
        
        'Between the eighteenth century and 1918, popular women’s journalism gained a significant audience, and defined the central concerns of women as winning and keeping a man, home-making, motherhood and looking good.'
      - POSITIVE
        
        Some 1960s advertisements featured women in bikinis reclining on car bonnets. Thirty years later, some car commercials depicted assured women sitting in the driving seat. These changes of representation symbolized the most important social change of the late twentieth century—the advance of women.
    - - NEGATIVE
        
        ...'and the rise of the press barons'
        
        Liberalism improving the democratic project 'trails off, however, around the 1880s and 1890s when two new themes become prominent in liberal histories of the press—falling editorial standards;
      - POSITIVE
        
        enhanced the functioning of democracy by encouraging constructive and reciprocal communication
        
        'subjecting authority to critical scrutiny.'
        
        'making information about public affairs more widely available and promoting a culture of democracy.'
        
        'offers a coherent view of the different ways in which increasingly free media strengthened the democratic process.'