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Lesson 5 (Videos (Parenting: The Hardest Job (Discipline is different from…

- - - - Parenting means implementing a series of decisions about the socialization of your children—what you do to enable them to become responsible, contributing members of society, as well as what you do when they cry, are aggressive, lie, or do not do well in school.
      - Parenting is confusing is that it is bidirectional and dynamic—an adult’s behavior toward a child is often a reaction to that child’s temperament and behavior, changing with time as the child develops.
    - - Political ideology refers to theories pertaining to government. It influences parenting styles because children must be raised to function as citizens in society.
      - Autocracy - a society in which one person has unlimited power over others.
      - Democracy - a society in which those ruled have equal power with those who rule.
      - Religious influence - Generations ago, parenting decisions were easier to make because it was assumed that one’s main purpose in life was to serve God by being faithful and following the teachings of one’s religion.
      - National influence - In some countries, one’s purpose in life was held to be to serve one’s country.
      - Ethnic influence - In high-context macrocultures, or societies, around the world, where interdependence is valued among most ethnic groups, it is assumed that children are born and raised to serve the purposes of the family.
      - Progressive influence. In low-context macrocultures, or societies, such as the United States, few children are brought up to believe that their principal destiny is to serve their family, their country, or God.
    - - A major reason why parenting styles differ according to socioeconomic status is that families tend to adapt their interactional patterns to the level of stress they are experiencing.
      - When one performs a role, one takes on the behavioral expectations of that role through the process of socialization.
      - The occupation of this parent emphasizes rules and regulations. The parenting style most likely will stress obedience and conformity in the child.
      - Parents’ workplaces affect their perceptions of life and the way they interact with family members. Consequently, parenting styles tend to be extensions of the modes of behavior that are functional in the workplace for parents.
    - - Universal parenting goal: Ensure physical health and survival,
        Develop behavioral capacities for economic self-maintenance,.
        Instill behavioral capacities for maximizing cultural values, such as morality, prestige, and achievement.
    - - A brief history of trends in the united States concerning the treatment of children and the role of parents follows.
      - Eighteenth Century: It was not uncommon for children to be considered significant only if they contributed to their elders’ welfare; no thought was given to their individual needs. If parents could not afford to care for them, they could be abandoned. Parenting was adult-centered.
      - Humanism - a system of beliefs concerned with the interests and ideals of humans rather than of the natural or spiritual world
      - Tabula rasa - the mind is a blank slate before impressions are recorded on it by experience.
      - Nineteenth Century: Parenting was becoming child-centered. unlike the traditional emphasis on the needs of the parent, contemporary ideas of child rearing placed paramount importance on the individual needs and welfare of the child. However, parents still directed the child-rearing practices.
      - Early Twentieth Century: Behavior that is reinforced or rewarded will be repeated; behavior that is not reinforced will be extinguished or eliminated. Watson’s theory applied to parenting in that conditioning of the child must take place early, with desirable behavior being reinforced and undesirable behavior being ignored.
        Freud’s theory applied to parenting in that Freud believed it was necessary for children to express—rather than repress— emotions. He said that harmful early experiences can harm children’s development (especially when these experiences are buried in the unconscious mind); that these can result in fixations, or arrested development, occurring at any time in life. Therefore, children’s growing personalities must not be repressed, or else children will inevitably have problems as adults.
      - Middle Twentieth Century: Mothers were told that children should be fed when hungry and be toilet trained when they developed physical control. . Benjamin Spock, advised parents to enjoy their children and their roles as parents. He advocated self-regulation by the child rather than strict scheduling by the parents. Spock wanted to encourage parents to have a greater understanding of children and to be more flexible in directing their upbringing.
      - Late Twentieth Century Spock realized the consequences of parents’ focusing exclusively on what children need from them, rather than what the community will need from children when they grow up. Even though Spock continued to maintain his belief that children’s needs should be attended to, subsequent editions of his book addressed the rights of parents—children need to feel loved, yet parents have the right to demand certain standards of behavior
    - - As the child gets older and more mature physically and cognitively, parent-child interactions change.
      - Three types of temperament: Easy, difficult, slow to warm up.
      - Besides parental effects on gender-role socialization, siblings and the child’s own cognitive development have been found to be influential.
      - Parental reactions to the diagnosis of a disability vary enormously; they may include denial, grief, depression, and/or guilt.
      - Characteristics that influence family dynamics and consequent parenting style are size (number of siblings) and configuration (birth order, spacing, and gender of siblings), as well as parents’ stage of life, marital quality, and abilities to cope with stress.
    - - Prosocial behavior - behavior that benefits other people, such as altruism, sharing, and cooperation.
      - Competence - refers to a pattern of effective adaptation to one’s environment; it involves behavior that is socially responsible, independent, friendly, cooperative, dominant, and achievement-oriented.
      - Uninvolved - a style of insensitive, indifferent parenting with few demands or rules.
      - Types of attachment: secure attachment (secure), resistant attachment (insecure), avoidant attachment (insecure), and disorganized/disoriented attachment (insecure).
      - HOME (Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment), contains 45 items in the following six areas:
        Emotional and verbal responsiveness, Avoidance of restriction and punishment, Organization of the physical and temporal environment, Provision of appropriate play materials, Parental interaction with the child, and Opportunities for variety in daily stimulation.