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Education (Types of schools (Independent, Comprehensive, Grammar, Faith,…
Education
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Cultural deprivation
Cultural factors inside school - anti-school subcultures, setting and streaming, middle class teachers
Cultural factors outside school - Douglas - parental interest, middle class parents 'work the system', cultural capital
Supporting arguments - Douglas WC less likely to attend parents evenings, WC children struggle to adapt to MC norms, WC values lead to failure
Arguments against - WC may have had negative school experiences, WC work more hours, does class still exist (postmodernism), WC victims of inequality (Marxism)
Material deprivation
Inside school - lack of resources and money, lack of funding, schools in poorer areas have poorer facilities
Outside school - lack of internet access, older children need to work,. poorer children don't want to be a burden to family, they can't travel to go to a better school, poor housing
Supporting arguments - links between low income and exam results, can't afford private tuition, lack of financial support to stay on at school
Arguments against - some children from poor backgrounds do very well, educated parents from any background will motivate children to do well, government has introduced Pupil Premium to combat this
Labelling theory - people are given a label and then this becomes a self fulfilling prophecy - teachers may label based on stereotypes
Labelling and ethnicity - teachers in primary schools treated children form non-white backgrounds differently, African-Caribbean boys more likely to be labelled as aggressive, black girls reject negative labels
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Supporting arguments - labels affect a pupils attitude, teachers form stereotypes of an ideal pupil, labelled affects the set a child is put in,
Arguments against - people can reject negative labels, poverty and culture might have more of an effect, doesn't explain where stereotypes come from
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Gender and achievement
Girls and STEM subjects - science, technology, engineering maths, women underrepresented, only 14% in STEM occupations, gendering of subjects
Why boys underachieve
Inside school - teacher puil relationships, gendered curriculum, femnisation of schooling, anti-school subcultures (Willis), boys dominate the classroom (Francis)
Outside school - socialisation, job opportunities, crisis of masculinity, feminism, parental encouragement, revision
Supporting arguments - girls now outperform boys, 30% more girls than boys at university,
Arguments against - studies are dated, studies are unrepresentative, it is a myth that boys prefer male teachers
Theories
Functionalists - Durkheim - schools pass on norms and values, children learn to interact with people outside family, bridge between family and work (Parsons), people allocated to job roles
Marxists - school socialises WC children into accepting their lower status, they are taught to accept hierarchy, link between school and work, boring work rewarded.
Feminists - schools give boys and girls different types of attention, gender differences in subject choice, girls praised for appearance and neat work
Anti-schools subcultures - reject education and the authority of teachers, do not value school, reaction to negative labelling
Supporting arguments - status is earned by disrupting lessons, boys reject standards of behaviour which has labelled them as failures, boys in lower sets labelled as troublemakers, could be a reaction to institutional racism
Arguments against - only a minority of African-Caribbean boys form subcultures, pupils might switch between pro and anti school subcultures throughout their time at school