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The Gerund, Functions (Adverbial modifier (Time(AFTER, BEFORE, ON, IN, AT)…
The Gerund
Functions
Attribute
He was born with the gift of winning hearts.
Adverbial modifier
Time(AFTER, BEFORE, ON, IN, AT)
Brush you teeth before going to bed.
Manner(prep. BY or IN)
She startled her father by bursting into tears.
Attendant circumstances(WITHOUT)
He went out without saying a single word.
Condition(WITHOUT)
I will not be able to do it without being helped.
Cause(FOR)
He feels much better for having spent Summer in the country.
Concession(IN SPITE OF)
He always finds time to play with his son in spite of being busy.
Prepositional object
He talked them into investing in his project.
Subject
Finding them became his main goal.
Predicative
The only remedy for such a headache as mine is going to bed.
Direct object
He coulnd't help crying.
The Indefinite Gerund
both Active and Passive denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb
He works for many hours without stopping.
The Perfect Gerund
expresses an action prior to that expressed by the finite verb
He denies having stolen the papers.
is a non-finite form of the verb which has both noun and verb characteristics.