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EQUIVALENCE IN TRANSLATION (FORMAL EQUIVALENCE (dạng thức) (relates to…
EQUIVALENCE IN TRANSLATION
DENOTATIVE EQUIVALENCE (sở thị)
SL & TL words refer to the same thing in the real world
referential identity between SL & TL units (tham chiếu)
ex: chair -> ghế, car -> ô tô
CONNOTATIVE EQUIVALENCE (biểu cảm)
same communicative values in mind of SL & TL speakers (liên quan đến lựa chọn từ vựng) = stylistic equivalence
connotations of speech level, socially determined usage, register, ....
ex: poetic (văn thơ) : Empyrean=the sky: thiên cung
PRAGMATIC EQUIVALENCE (ngữ dụng/truyền đạt)
= communicative/ dynamic equivalence
ex: Do you have salt? -> Nhà bạn có muối không? / Cho mình xin chút muối với.
SL & TL words have same effect on readers
TEXT NORMATIVE EQUIVALENCE (chuẩn vb)
relates to text and language norms (quy phạm, quy chuẩn)
ex; Dear sir/ madam -> Kính gửi... , Yours sincerely -> Kính thư ; or legal document
SL, TL words are used in the same context
FORMAL EQUIVALENCE (dạng thức)
relates to form & aesthetic of text: rhythm, word play, metaphor,...
used in poems, songs, ...
= expressive equivalence
ex: song "Love song" -> câu chuyện tình yêu ...
ONE-TO-SEVERAL
ex: die -> chết, qua đời,...
ONE-TO-ONE
ex: batching plant -> trạm trộn, thả diều -> flying the kite
ONE-TO-PART (khó để dịch hết nghĩa)
ex: rồng rắn lên mây -> Dragon snake game -> trò chơi rồng rắn
ONE-TO-NONE
ex: Youtube, Instagram, ...