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Cold War Korea (The Non-Aligned Movement (Asian Relations Conference…
Cold War Korea
The Non-Aligned Movement
Asian Relations Conference (1947) - Was used to express Asian co-operation and peace in the Cold War. Organised by first Indian PM Jawaharlal Nehru
Nehru met with Chinese foreign minister Zhou Enlai in 1954 to mend ties with China after the border dispute after the annexation of Tibet as well as to advocate peaceful co-operation
Nehru's 5 Principles of Co-existence:
1.Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty
2.Mutual non-aggression
3.Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs and matters
4.Equality and cooperation for mutual benefit
5.Peaceful co-existence
Bandung Conference (April 1955) - Held in Indonesia consisting of 29 Asian, Arab, and African states who met to discus the foundations of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Key Leaders:
Jawaharlal Nehru - First PM of India
Sukarno - First President of Indonesia until 1967
Kwame Nkrumah - First President of Ghana until 1957
Gamal Abdul Nasser - First President of the Republic of Egypt in 1952
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Successes:
- Encouraged the decline of colonialism
- Offered another alternative to the two blocs
- Opted to share ideals rather than impose policies
- One of the few regional organisations that has survived
Main Criticisms:
- Poorly defined set of aims that were not clear as to how to promote peaceful co-existence
- Non-aligned members still used Cold War support such as when Nehru asked for US aid after China invaded in 1962
- There was limited unity as members still supported one side of the Cold War
- Some used the movement to play a greater role in world politics as would normally be permitted
- Key divisions such as the recognition of Israel and support for independence movements
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SEATO
Formed in September 1854 and was designed to prevent the spread of Communism to the region. However most in the region did not join.
Members (as of 1954):
USA, UK,
France - Wanted help protecting imperial possessions in the region such as Indochina
New Zealand, Australia,
Thailand - Feared Chinese expansion into newly autonomous region of Yunnan and wanted closer ties to the US
Pakistan - Thought closer ties to the US would be beneficial in hostilities with India. Was not included in area of protection
Philippines - Closer relations to the US
Based in Bangkok and had no common military force like the UN meaning they had no means of enforcing common action with all its members
Members had severe cultural differences - E.g the Philippines actively suppressed Islamic separatists and so did not have good relations with Pakistan
Seen as a way for the US to expand its economic interests - South Vietnam not a member due to the Geneva Accords and so US included it in s 'sphere of protection'
US war in Vietnam completely split SEATO - Weakness shown as only Australia sent any form of aid to the US. Perceived US Imperialism in Vietnam caused Pakistan to leave SEATO in 1973
After South Vietnam fell to Communism in 1975, the rationale for SEATO was gone and it was disbanded in 1977
The War
US/UN involvement
27th June 1950 - UN Security Council voted unanimously to oppose the condemn the DPRK invasion and to provide military assistance to the South (USSR absent due to boycott for UN continuing to recognise Nationalist China
Summer 1950 disastrous for UN as they were forced to retreat to the Pusan Perimeter which was only 100 by 50 miles. Both South and UN troops were proved to be woefully inexperienced - many suffered 'bugout fever - .
Despite this however, the North had lost 58,000 troops and had only 40 tanks with the UN still retaining aerial and naval supremacy
Inchon Landings (Sept 1950) - Hugely successful landings 200 miles behind Communist lines and only 17 miles from Seoul. Led to the capture of the city later that month
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Chinese Intervention
Demonstration of willingness to defend Communism encouraged Soviets to make China a nuclear power in 1955
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Pre-Korean War/Causes
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Korea Pre-division
Rhee returned from exile in November 1945 and denounced the PRK, refusing to serve as its chairman instead forming the Representative Democratic Council in February 1946 which worked closely with the AMG
Kim Il Sung returned from exile in September 1945 and reorganised the various People's Committee's into the Interim People's Committee in February 1946 which was dominated almost entirely by Communists
The new regime instituted popular policies of land redistribution, industry nationalization, labor law reform, and equality for women as well as reorganising the Communists into the Worker's Party of Korea
People's Republic of Korea was proclaimed in September 1945 consisting of prominent Communists with Syngman Rhee as its chairman in his absence
Leader of the AMG Gen. Hodge viewed the PRK and its People's Committee's as a Communist government and so outlawed it in December 1945
The election in May 1948 took place in the South amidst violence and intimidation resulting in Syngman Rhee forcefully taking power and establishing the Republic of Korea (ROK)
Causes
Both leaders denounced the sovereignty of the other's governments, viewed them as puppets of their Capitalist/Communist master, and both had the prime aim of unification of the peninsula under their ideology
Rhee started an internalised Korean Civil War in 1948 by order border skirmishes which had reached a height by 1949. 10,000 Koreans had been killed before the war even began
Both countries purged political opponents and unlawfully murdered suspected dissenters (such as the Mungyeong Massacre in December 1949 in the South
Sung believed the South to be defenceless after Acheson failed to mention that the South was protected under DPS in January 1950
The rejection of a bill to aid Korea in Congress in January 1950 (due to Republican protest at Truman's China policy) was seen by the North as evidence that the US would not intervene in the event of invasion
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Soviet intelligence suggested that the US would not intervene due the limitations of the US' nuclear stockpiles and defence spending cuts