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The notion of translation (OPERATION DURING THE TRANSLATION a. deduces …

- - - - (1) analysis phase: the translator goes back from the SL surface structure to the SL deep structure via a series of transformations (intralingual transformation);
        (2) second phase: these are replaced by the equivalent core sentences or deep structure of the TL (interlingual transformation);
        (3) synthesis phase: the translator reaches the TL surface structure from the TL deep structure via a series of transformations (intralingual transformation)
  - - - The process of translation according to the semantic model:
        Process:
        (1) translator first understands the text to be translated
        (2) he/she expresses what he/she has understood in the given language, i.e. he/she expresses the sense of the text.
  - - - (1) the level of linguistic signs (use of different words to produce utterances → several alternatives),
        (2) the level of utterance (linear ordering of Lic signs → several alternatives),
        (3) the level of message (the situation is described from various angles),
        (4) the level of situation (e.g., objects, persons, abstract phenomena in question),
        (5) the level of communicative goal (e.g., to inform).→ several multi-level decisions
      - Pocess of translation
        During analysis: he/she moves from the level of linguistic signs to the level of the communicative goal,
        During synthesis he/she moves from the level of the communicative goal to the level of linguistic signs.
  - - - A typical case of translation based on the denotative model is the translation of realia → the translator can make several choices:
        -borrow the foreign word
        -equate it with a similar TL realia,
        -invent a new TL word, etc.
        We translate according to the denotative model when there is only one possible solution in the TL for the naming or description of an object or situation English: Keep off the grass; Не ходіть по траві
      - 1.in the analysis phase, the translator traces the SL signs back to the world of denotata common to all of us
        2.in the synthesis phase, he/she describes the same denotata, the same situations, using the devices of the TL