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Cold War, Ammarah Mansoor, Alex Alanis (Leaders and Nations (Americas…
Cold War, Ammarah Mansoor, Alex Alanis
Cold War Crises
Cuban Missile Crisis
How it started : In 1962 Khrushchev made the decision to put IRBMs (Intermediate range ballistic missiles) in Cuba.
WHY?- In his memoirs he wrote it was to protect Cuba and he felt as if it was time for America to feel threatened and have what it feels like to have her own land and people threatened
Jupiter Missiles: The US had nuclear missiles located in Turkey a Country that boarded the Soviet Union. By putting missiles in Cuba they would redress the balance
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Crisis Resolved: President Kennedy used the Executive Committee to resolve the Crisis- The Thirteen Days
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Leaders and Nations
Asia (Mao)
(1949-76) Mao revised the Marxist-Leninist thought from 'bourgeoisie-proletariat' model to rural cities of China. He became the communist leader of China.
Europe
Khrushchev: Though he largely pursued a policy of peaceful coexistence with the West, the Cuban Missile Crisis began after he positioned nuclear weapons 90 miles from Florida. At home, he initiated a process of “de-Stalinization” that made Soviet society less repressive. Yet Khrushchev could be authoritarian in his own right, crushing a revolt in Hungary and approving the construction of the Berlin Wall.
Stalin: Leader of Soviet Union after the death of Lenin. He believed communism and capitalism are not compatible and war was inevitable.
Americas
Eisenhower: (1953-61) Established the Eisenhower Doctrine which stated that the U.S. would provide assistance to Middle Eastern countries to prevent the spread of communism and Soviet influence in that area. It gave Eisenhower the right to use force in the middle east against armed aggression from any nation. Eisenhower believed in massive retaliation and brinkmanship which would give the the US the authority to attack and threaten other nations with nuclear warfare.
Kennedy: (1961-63) Implemented the policy of Flexible response calling for mutual deterrence at strategic, tactical, and conventional levels, giving the United States the capability to respond to aggression across the spectrum of war, not limited only to nuclear arms.
Truman: (1945-53) Established the Truman Doctrine which demonstrated that the United States would not return to isolationism after World War II, but rather take an active role in world affairs. The Truman Doctrine was a promise that the US would do whatever was necessary for both economically and military to contain the spread communism around the world.
Castro: (1959-76) Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew Batista through guerrilla tactics and became the prime minister of Cuba.
Rivalry, Mistrust and Accord
The US, USSR and China-superpower relations (1947-1962)
Sino-Soviet and Sino-U.S. relations: During the Korean War, the Communist North was successful in invading South Korea, leaving only a peninsula out of their control. The US fought alongside the South, which eventually lead to a stalemate and a military armistice was signed in July 1953.
Containment
March 12, 1947: The Truman Doctrine addresses that the United States will do the most they can to protect countries undergoing subjugation through outside pressures, in response to salami tactics used by the USSR.
June 5th, 1947: The Marshall Plan was introduced and was an extension of the ideas provided by Truman. This act was an American initiative passed in 1948 to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $12 billion in economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II.
Peaceful Co-Existence:: Khrushchev wanted to maintain soviet sphere of influence through peacefully co-existing with the capitalist west.
The breakdown of the grand alliance and the emergence of superpower rivalry in Europe and Asia (1943-1949):
A Comparison of the Roles of the US and the USSR:: United States, USSR and Great Britain. During the three major conferences, it was clear to the US and GB that they had different aims from that of Stalin's. I the Yalta Conference, the three signed the 'Declaration for Liberate Europe' to support democratic governments in all European countries.
Role of Ideology: The west was capitalist while USSR was communism. Communism threatened the basis for which many western countries ran their countries. The US aim was to contain their sphere of influence.
Fear and Aggression: Through salami tactics the Soviet Union slowly took over eastern European countries spreading their sphere of influence. Churchill responds to the Soviet Union through the Iron Curtain speech. The term used to describe the division between Communist and non-Communist life. At this point there was soviet pressure on Iran, Greece, Turkey and many other countries.
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