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War on Terror (Al-Qaeda
Development (Beliefs
Clear, simple belief from…
War on Terror
Al-Qaeda
Development
Beliefs
Clear, simple belief from AA
Jihad against western influence
Leaders
ObL - Clever, charismatic, ex-fighter
thought generous, Ayman Al-zawahiri
As 2nd-in-command (very competent)
Trained fighters
Loyal, committed effective operatives
From US training (some of world's best)
Secure base
Al-Q linked to hard Taliban in Afg
Trusts its secrecy, reliability
Money
ObL still held hereditary wealth
SA, Pak, Afg drug trade support
-
Flexibility
Mobile weaponry, a franchise
Didn't need land
Al-Qaeda
In Action
Three Movements
- Hard militant terrorist organisation
- Network; share views, finances, training etc.
- Guidance; inspire, info of militant Islam aims globally
'93 World Trade Centre
Pak. militant, Ramzi Yousef bombing
6 Dead, $300M damage; Inspired by ObL
Attended Afg camp
Nov '95 Saudi Arabia National Guard
Attack guards, US trainers 4 men arrested
by Saudi Secret Service (SSS);inspired by ObL
Executed later
'98 World Islamic Front
7 August '98 - US embassies in Nairobi, Dar es Salaam
(Tanzania) hit by truck bomb, quite efficiently
Nai - 213 dead, 4.6K wounded; DeS - 11 dead, 86 wounded
Oct '00 - Suicide bombing USS Cole warship
Killed 17 sailors
9/11
11 Sept 2001, 2 on WTC, 1 on Pentagon, 1 crash landed
3K dead, majority US citizens, most destruction on US soil
ObL made video appraisal; Alleged broadcast by Arabic TV
Al-Jazeera station
Middle East
Israel
'48 - State founded, taken from Muslim Arabs land
Had been theirs for centuries; Muslim states now hostile
(Inc. Iran, non-Muslim) Israel kept close to US to survive
Many Muslim states subsequently resent US
Afg
Civil war after Soviet withdrawal; (m.90s) Taliban on top
Strict form of Islam, Pak. support; very hostile, suspicious
to outside influence; believe US influence an Islamic threat
Many Taliban ex-Mjd (armed, trained by US)
Became an unprecedented consequence of US in Afg
Iraq & Gulf War
Saddam Hussein ruled Iraq from '76, huge US support
'90 - Invades Kuwait (US ally); Lead coalition vs. Hussein
'91 - Defeated Huss, Muslims believed US after oil control
Iran
Hostile to US since '79 (overthrew US-supported shah
Saudi Arabia, Iran's rival as most important country
Israel, SA - important US allies; Iran also vs. Israel
End of
US Optimism
9/11
11 Sept '01
2 hijacked airliners crash into WTC, NY; kill 3,000
Confusion, shock, disbelief - weren't they 'good'
Al-Q must be evil - can there be a more valid reason?
Al-Qaeda
Afg War (79-86)
Tribal leaders of conservative Muslims attack Soviets
Many join Mjd supported Mus. states, funded by US
and Mus. Saudi.A (fore religion; US - for politics)
No hesitation to help - money, modern weapons, techniques
Sent advisers trained their next enemy; Afg war = jihad holy war
Osama bin Laden & Abdullah Azzam
ObL - first Afg war fundraiser, then Afg fighter
AA - radical preacher argued Islam under threat
his ideas formed Al-Q's foundation & reasons for Afg war
To defeat western democracies, communism
Judaism, Israel state, lax Mus. states/ US sympathisers
Osama
bin Laden
Profile
B-aire father, SA businessman, many waves, ~50 siblings
L.70s - Attends King Abdulaziz Uni for civil engineering
Devoted to religious study during; '79 - left for Afg war
Exile
'90 - returns to SA, SA divided between modern & tradition
Divide intensifies w/ Huss' Kuwait invasion, King Fahd calls US
Refuses ObL's soldiers for US forces - foreigners on sacred land
Criticises King; exiled to Sudan, disowned stripped citizenship
History's
End
Overview
'Good Guys' had defeated the 'evil empire'
US businesses traded internationally goods
More people being exposed to US life
This lead belief their way was the best
Making the world a better place
Opposition
Northern Ireland
Catholics vs. Nationalists & Protest. Unionists
Begun in '69, still going on
Balkans
Collapse of comm, Yugoslavia split apart
Religious, ethnic differences = civil wars
Russia
Became capitalist dem, many people still resent US culture
Seemed imposing on RUS identity, very diff. system to US
Only minority profited from capitalism; war in Chechnya
Muslim Chechen wanted to break from RUS control
China
Embraced capitalism,
no political control lax,
Comm party still in charge
Venezuela
US supported anti-comm leader for the Cold War
Venezuela retaliate w/ electing a socialist, anti-US
Hugo Chavez
Rwanda
Mid-90s: Conflict leads to Genocide by majority Hutu people
On minority Tutsis - one of many religious, ethnic AF conflicts
Philippines & Korea
US companies move production to Asian factories
Reduce cost, incr. profit (wages much lower)
People here also felt their identity being swamped like RUS
Response
Responses
War ('01)
Oct - Long-range air missiles destroy camps etc.
Nov - Northern Alliances ground campaign
Mid Nov - Afg capital (Kabul) falls
Dec - Kandahov stronghold fell Mullah flees to Pak
17 Dec - Tora Bora Mountains stronghold complex falls
Dead
'11 - ObL finally discovered by US forces, killed
Militant Islamist fundamentalism kept going
Individ. terror groups carried on in abundance
'14 - Islamic state took sig. Iraq, Syria parts (ISIS)
Demands
George W Bush, demand Taliban leader
Mullah Omar for ObL, they refuse
US coalition, (large GB support, Tony Blair)
US-lead forces w/ Taliban opponents from Afg
Oct '01 - Large offense; air bombardment
Consequences
Control
Afg was hard to control
Taliban, Al-Q use hit & run tactics
Also used insurgency
Heroin Production
Falls under Taliban
Rises again, 90% of world supply (Afg)
Tension
Media vs. US, GB gov.
Media possibly too critical of forces
Ignored terrorist actions; bigger reactions online
supporting the Terror War
Increased Militancy
Many in Asia, Middle East allied w/ USA
Also just as many Mus. sympathisers
Pak. couldn't control S.Services w/ its
sympathisers of Taliban; US torture tactics
don't warrant sympathy
Hearts and Minds
Hard to win Afg people caught in crossfire
Many civilians casualties, Ks of refugees,
Many rounded up for interrogation
Lack of co-op w/ security forces