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Qualitative + Quantitative Research (Getting over the quantitative…

- - - - theories of causation
      - (beliefs, hopes fears) - states of mind can count as causal to human behaviour, not in the typical positivism term of "causation"
    - - Verifiability (when applied) rules out mental states
      - Causation when applied as a model for natural science and social science (Humean) makes the intentional stance unintelligible.
    - - Cannot completely "shed one's skin" to be entirely unbiased.
      - Attempts to elicit undistorted communication - but this cannot be achieved without taking into account the structural features and causes of social practices as well as the normas that actors unwittingly internalise and employ in commmunication and action.
      - ignores the possible structures of conflict within society- only researchers get to see the inside story from a participant, which the society itself may not see due to structures in place. It's conservative.
- - - - uncoloured by values and interests of researchers
      - Aims to eliminate bias
      - Process-product research is the type of educational research that probably best approximates positivistic technical control. The basic idea is for experts to discover regularities associated with the achieving the desired end, namely, learning, and then to disseminate these in the form of techniques to the practitioners, namely, teachers, whose responsibility it is to achieve the desired end (p246)
    - - Issues around observation and theory - hard and fast lines cannot be drawn between empirical and theoretical content. apparently. Quine-kuhn
      - Intentions are conceptually linked to action descriptions, so measures actions to try and infer intention.
      - When applied to social sciences, research that confines itself to discovering contingent regularities in general fails to provide explanations.
      - when used for means-ends research (researching ways to achieve an end and determining means) - while the process of determining the means to reach the end is detached from the value of the researchers, it is not detached from the values of those who determine what the end should be.
      - In virtue of somehow settling on ends and then relegating the investigation of possible means to these ends to social reseraches, it implicitly dismisses the value of participation in deliberation on the part of those who are affected. (p247)