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Biology End of Year Final (Water and pH (pH (Scientific definition:…
Biology End of Year Final
Water and pH
Water
H2O
Polar - molecule. Each H shares an electron with O. Oxygen more attractive to the electrons in the molecule so they hang out there causing oxygen side to be negative and the hydrogen side to be positive
High specific heat:
makes a lot of heat energy to change the temperature of a body of water.
Capillary Action:
ability of water to move up a small diameter tube against the force of gravity Ex: the redwood trees
High heat of vaporization:
when water evaporates it absorbs a lot or heat energy, helping to cool the object it evaporates from.
Water as a Solvent:
water will dissolve most polar and ionic substances
Surface Tension:
surface of a body of water will form a film on top because of cohesive properties
Adhesion:
A substance ability to attract particles of different substances, explains water's solvent properties and part of capillary action
Cohesion:
(Attraction between molecules of the same substance) attract particles on the same substance, explains surface tension. high heat of vaporization, high specific heat, ice being less dense than liquid water/ some capillary action
pH
pH: Power of hydrogens,
Scientific definition: measures the negative logarithm of the concentration of Hydrogen (H+) ions in an aqueous solution (acidity).
Acid
any substance that emits H+ ions in a solution
Base
any substance that emits hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution
Water
1 out of 10,000,000
Organic Molecules
Any molecule that contains carbon in any part of the structure, because carbon bonds with itself and many other elements in stable covalent bonds
Lipids
Contains C, H, and O, no set ratio
Long term energy storage, steriod hormones, fast acting hormones
Proteins
Contains C, H, O and N
structural part of animals, enzymes, fast acting hormones, immune system
Carbohydrates
Contains C, H, and O, 2.1 ratio H to O
Short and medium term energy storage, structural part of plants, exoskeleton for arthropods
Nucleic Acids
Contain C, H, O, N, and P
genetic information storage molecule, and managing that information DNA and RNA
Hydrocarbons
Contains C and H
Fosolized
Types of Org. Molecule
Monomers vs. Polymers: Monomers are small repeating molecular units that get joined to make complex molecules
Dehydration Synthesis: takes H from 1 monomer and OH from another monomer allow the 2 monomers to join and turn to water
Lipids monomers, glycerol, cholesterol, fatty acids
unsaturated fatty acids (at least Cs are double covalent bonds) healthy
satyrated fatty acids (all C bonded together covalent bonds not healthy
Protein monomers, amino acids
All amino acids have an anime group and a carboyl group
The 20 amino acids are different because they all have different R groups
Carbohydrates monomers, monossacharides (simple sugar)
Nucleic acid monomers, nucleotides
Structure of MATTER
Elements:
Living organisms 99% composed of C, H, O, N
Atoms: smallest particle if an element with all properties of element
Neutrons:
in nucleus, have mass, no change
Protons
in nucleus, have mass, positive charge
Electrons:
Ionic Bonding:
Bonding: to fill valence shell, atoms bond to other atoms
Bonding forms Molecules: smallest particles bond
Covalent Bonding- electrons shared, pairs go around both atoms
Polar Bonding:
Non-polar:
Pure substance that can't be broken down into simpler substances, 92 are naturally occurring
States of Matter:
Liquid: particles have enough kinetic energy that they
Gas:
Solid: particles don't have enough kinetic energy to move past each other