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3rd History (British Empire (Why did the British Empire start (Military…

- - - - They were growing rapidly and needed more soldiers if they wanted to continue
      - They got slaves to fight for them so could always have overwhelming numbers
    - - They had a good economy with trade routes all over the world
      - Other countries wanted access but couldn't because it was controlled by the British
    - - They were determined to become more powerful than their rivals
      - They wanted to be able to create their own rights
    - - The main reason that Britain wanted an empire, is because it granted so much wealth
  - - - It was a major uprising in India in 1857 & 1858
      - It was against the rule of the Britsh East India Company
      - In India and Pakistan it was known as the first war of independence
      - It ended the Mughal Empire and British East India Company
      - Rule was transfered to the British Crown afterwards
    - - Bengal Army
        
        India was divided into 3 presidencies and each owned an army
        
        The Bengal Army was the biggest and was mostly high caste Muslims and Hindus
        
        They became disatisfied with their low pay
        
        1856 a law was passed saying that the Bengal Army could be transfered overseas, however on a cramped, wooden ship, high caste Hindus couldn't cook their own food on their own fire, so risked losing their caste through 'ritual pollution'
      - Enfield P-53 Rifle
        
        It was the final straw for the Indians
        
        The cartridges had to be bitten open to release the gunpowder
        
        The grease used on the cartridges consisted of cow and pig fat - offensive to both Muslims and Hindus
        
        At least oen person at the British East India Company pointed out that giving the Indians these cartridges would be a bad idea, but they were distributed anyway
    - - British
        
        British Empire
        
        British East India Company
        
        Nepal
        
        Lots of states and provinces nobody has ever heard of
      - Indian
        
        Indian rebels
        
        Kings and people of power with local armies
        
        Good fighters who have amassed people to their cause
    - - Defeat of key Indian leaders
        
        The British deafeated many key leaders due to their superior technology and reinforcements
        
        By 1859 Kunwar Singh, Bakht Khan, Khan Bahadur Khan of Bareilly, Rao Sahib & Maulavi Ahmadullah were all dead and Begum of Awadh had to hide in Nepal
        
        Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi was killed in battle and Nana Sahib was defeated at Kanpur and escaped to Nepal in 1859
      - Indian support
        
        Not all Indians were involved in the uprising due to fear of what the British would do if they lost
        
        The British were able to exploit these powerful figures and get support from them
      - Delhi
        
        The British realised that Delhi was important and symbolic to the Indians so mounted a seige to capture it
        
        It was led by John Nicholson who was fataly injured during the attack
        
        The leader of Delhi was exiled to Burma and the royal princes executed
      - New laws
        
        Britain passed new laws making it easier to control the Indians freedom
        
        Britons could new kill anyone who rebelled
        
        These executions were done publicly to scare those considering joining the revolt
  - - - It introduced new ideas like liberty, Common Law and even team sports
      - It brought wealth and trade to many countries
      - It taught many countries English, which would be very useful in the future
    - - They brought lots of suffering to countries they conquered
      - They started lots of wars and cultural and physical extermination and in some cases it could be classed as genocide
      - Britons treated others as racial and societal inferiors
- - - - While in America, the Frenchmen learned many new things like freedom and the rights of man
      - Writers started publishing these ideas, which were dangerous to the king
      - The French had agreed to fight the English with the Americans
    - - Parisians attacked the Bastille - a military fortress and prison
      - It gave them the guns ammo and gunpowder they needed for a revolution
    - - They wasted so much money they went bankrupt
      - They didn't have an heir for a long time
      - M.A.'s dress allowance was 150,000 livres, 3x the average income
      - Louis didn't attend the Estates General, instead he stayed at home to look after his son
      - M.A. was an extravagant buyer, a gambling addict and a "nimcompoop"
      - He didn't propose any major reforms to the people
      - Louis was shy, absolutist, gentle and indecisive
      - He called his troops when the Estates General didn't do what he wanted
    - - Louis tries to stop them meeting by locking the doors of their meeting place, so they met on a tennis court
      - The 'Tennis Court Oath'
        
        This was a vow they all took saying they would not stop until the national problems were solved
      - After denying Louis a tax raise the Estates General separated off and became the National Assembly
    - - Between1730 and 1789 population decreases by 30%
      - Despite industrialistaion, wages have only risen by 22%
      - In the Countryside
        
        Bad weather is making terrible harvests
      - 75% of the population are farmers
      - Even Louis was bankrupt by about 4b livres (~£10t)
      - Living costs have risen by 45%
      - In the Towns
        
        High employment rates
        
        Bread price increases
        
        Parisians are spending 75% of wages of bread
    - - The nobles didn't want to give Louis any more money or power
      - They wanted Louis to solve their powerlessness and unemployment
      - Louis called the National Assembly, hoping they would raise taxes for him to pay off his debts
      - The Estates General turns against him
  - - - It was massively unfair
      - You had much less rights if you were in a lower estate e.g.
        
        You had to pay more taxes
        
        You had to pay to use the local lord's wheat grinder and couldn't get your own
        
        Nobody had any respect for you
      - The 3rd Estate didn't ever have time to rebel because they were so busy working
      - Due to the rise of the middle-class some people now had time to protest
    - - Versailles was too expensive and wasted too much money
      - Louis and M.A. were too isolated from Paris at Versailles
- - - - This was a stronger version of patriotism
      - It was people fully desiring the best for their country, without caring about other countries
      - This was a very common ideology before and during WW1
    - - This was a belief that a country should expand its influence through colonization, military force, etc.
      - Lots of countries were colonizing or expanding before WW1 or they were already very big
    - - What
        
        The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hunagrian Empire
      - Who
        
        Franz Ferdinand was assassinated. The attack was carried out by the Black Hand Gang, sponsored by the leader of the Serbian military
      - When
        
        28 June 1914
      - Where
        
        It was carried out in Sarajevo, Bosnia, newly gained territory to A-H. They were trying to gain popularity and were in a car when assassinated
      - Why
        
        It was carried out because some people didn't like A-H moving into Bosnia - they wanted it to be part of Serbia
    - - Russia supported Serbia, but was too weak from the Russo-Japanese war to help against A-H, so joined with Britain and France
      - Germany had just united with Prussia making them very powerful and a threat
      - Britain and France formed an alliance
      - Germany formed an alliance with A-H
      - Germany gives A-H the 'blank cheque
    - - This was a belief that a country should keep a strong military and be prepared to use it aggresively to defend their desires
      - Almost every country did this in WW1
      - Germany makes Britain feel threatened because of the naval race
      - There is an arms race and power struggle in Europe
    - - Morrocan crisis
        
        Germany is a new 'empire' so wants more land and power
        
        Africa is one of the few places still 'up for grabs'
        
        They send a gunboat to Morocco, French owned territory
      - The crises did not directly lead to WW1
      - Ferdinand assassination crisis
        
        See assassination
  - - - Tanks
      - Artillery
        
        No. 9 fuse - can cut through barbed wire
      - Gas
        
        Mustard - liquid that burns if it touches you, can be put in shells
        
        Chlorine - classic gas
        
        Phosgene - only affected hours later
      - Planes
        
        Recon - take photos of gun positions
        
        Fighter
        
        Bomber
        
        Sea planes - spotting U-boats
        
        Aircraft carriers
      - Guns
        
        Lewis gun
        
        Tommy gun
        
        Anti-aircraft guns
      - Grenades
      - Miscellaneous
        
        Flamethrowers - German
        
        Submarines - Germany
    - - Tactics
        
        Schleiffen plan fails
        
        Spring offensive goes too quickly - artillery can't keep up
      - Bad generalship
      - Antagonising America
        
        Decleration of unrestricted submarine warfare twice and the sinking of the Lusitania
        
        Zimmerman telegram asking the Mexicans to fight with them against America
    - - Creeping barrage
      - Attacking in the afternoon so Germans don't have time for a counter attack
      - Blockade of Germany