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Cold war_Asif_Attawala (Leaders and Nations (Khrushchev (He had a big hand…
Cold war_Asif_Attawala
Rivalry, Mistrust, Accord
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US, USSR, China relations (1947-1962)
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Sino-Soviet relations
The secret speech given by Khrushchev about stalin's crimes Mao saw as an attack on his ow leadership. Mao also saw his idea of peaceful coexistence as heresy. Mao used the crisis to expose to the communist world the USSR's lack of commitment to the revolutionary cause.
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Sino-US relations
The U.S, gov. used the failure of the Great Leap Forward to highlight to the public and the rest of the west how the PRC was willing to sacrifice millions of Chinese people in pursuit of its Communist ideology.
Cold War Crises
Second Berlin Crisis
Cause:Krushchev decided to renew his ultimatum on Berlin. Kennedy wanted to appear tough with the soviets so he was not prepared to give any concessions to them. The number of refugees moving from East to West increased. Given Kennedy's response and the growing crisis in East Germany, Khrushchev bowed to Ulbricht's pressure and agreed to the closure of the east German border in Berlin.
Impact/Significance:It was a visible admission that the Communist propaganda message had failed: the soviets had to create a barrier to keep the people in the East. Khrushchev was able to regain control over the situation and free himself from the pressure from Ulbricht. For the citizens of Berlin, the erection of the Wall was a horrifying experience. Families and friends were immediately cut off from each other with no hope of reunion.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Cause: In 1962, Khrushchev made the decision to put intermediate range ballistic missiles into Cuba. It increased the soviet first strike capability and it meant that warning time for missiles fired at the United States would be far less than fired from the Soviet Union. The prestige of the USA and also of Kennedy himself was again at stake. Cuba was not just 90 miles away but it's where the disaster of the Bay of Pigs happened. For the Democratic Party to face elections with missiles installed in Cuba would be a disaster for the Kennedy administration.
Impact/Significance: Kennedy's personal prestige increased. it shocked the United States into realizing the fragility of its own security. Khrushchev faced humiliation which led to his fall from power. Both sides realized the danger of nuclear war
First Berlin Crisis
Cause: Stalin started putting a stranglehold on Western interests in West Berlin, mainly through transport restrictions.Then, in response to the introduction of the new currency into the Western sectors of Berlin, Stalin began the total blockade of Berlin on 23-24 June 1948. The roads, railways and waterways linking West Berlin to the Western sector of Germany were all closed. The supply of electricity was also cut.
Impact/Significance: During the blockade, American and British planes flew more than 200,000 flights to Berlin in 320 days, and delivered vital supplies. It was clear that any agreement between the two sides would be difficult. It led to the division of Germany, the continuation of four-power control in Berlin, the formation of the north Atlantic treaty organization.
Division of Germany: Neither side could contemplate the idea of a united Germany which could possibly become an ally to the other side. Certainly, for the West, a divided Germany protected by the USA was preferable to a neutral united Germany. The West set up the Federal Republic of Germany while in response, the Soviets set up the German Democratic Republic.
Leaders and Nations
Castro
He sought nationalization of US economic interests in Cuba as he wanted assistance but he was rejected. He went to USSR and got the aid. The involvement of USSR in Cuba was a challenge to the US
US reacted with the Bay of Pigs invasion which failed and instead strengthened Castro's leadership and support. US also embargoed all exports to Cuba
Kennedy
He used the policy of "flexible response." This included more spending on conventional forces, enlarging nuclear arsenal, CIA work, economic aid to push out communism, continue negotiations with USSR. He moved away from Eisenhower's "massive retaliation" to avoid nuclear war
The Truman Doctrine was a change in US foreign policies, stating that the US was obligated to support free people who resisted subjugation by armed minorities. This became a shield to hide the regrowth of the political and economic system. This encouraged the Soviets even more to spread communism.
Eisenhower
The policy of containment used was "The New Look." This aimed to prevent the spread of communism, and with the intention to break down the USSR. He set up alliances, used military power to protect West Berlin, used CIA, and Brinkmanship. This is a threat of massive retaliation, potential nuclear war
Khrushchev
He had a big hand in the second Berlin Crisis. He sent an ultimatum to demilitarize Berlin and turn it into a "free city." And if that did not happen he threatened to turn over control of access routes from Western to East Germany
With the Berlin Wall, he closed the transportation of East Germany to West