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Chapter 2 Physical Development & Sexuality (Specific Physical Changes…
Chapter 2
Physical Development & Sexuality
Specific Physical Changes
Physical appearance
1st significant changes noticeable after 30
skin
wrinkled
loose
less elastic
dry
thin
aging spots
warts
small blood vessels break = small black/blue marks
hair thinning + grey, loses gloss
slackening of breasts in women
longer, stiffer hair in eyebrows, ears, and nose in men
wounds heal slower, repair functions of blood vessels slows down
skin cells = replaced slower
body posture become stooped
muscles lose elasticity, move ments = slower, more strenuous
individual reformulate body image
diff bt chronological age & psychological-emotional age
Height & weight
people lose about 0.65-1.3cm every decade bt 40-50
women more than men, bc osteoporosis more frequent after menopause
weakening of muscles, deterioration and compression of bones in spine
weight increases @ middle age
less active
decrease in rate at which body converts food into E
number of calories required to maintain weight declines by 10% every 10years
correct eating + exercise counteract
Muscle strength
Peak bt 25-30
decline significantly
muscles do not deteriorate only in strength + elasticity, also gradually replaced by fat, decline in # muscle fiber
declines starting @ 40, 8-10% per decade
frailty (weakness, weight loss, exercise intolerance, immobility and incontinence, balance, walking, respond to stressors
decrease in reaction speed, increase in possibility of falling + injuries (bone fractures)
loss of bone mass = more brittle
regular exercise + fitness counteract
decreases risk of falling + injuries, increases blood circulation + improves heart & lung functions, prevents arteriosclerosis, functioning of immune system
increasing quality of life, well-being, psychological functioning, decreasing anxiety and depression
Senses
Sight
best @ 20, constant till 40
bt 20-30, visual acuity = enhanced
pupils , early adulthood > middle age = adjustment to strong/dim light, sudden changes to bright
vision = deteriorates @ middle age
gradual thickening of lens, loss of lens elasticity, increased lens density, decline in accommodation
myopia (near sightedness) = cant see far
Presbyopia (far sightedness) = cant see close
dark adaptation = slower
eldery = problem w peripheral, depth, adaption, colour, sensitivy to glare
visual dysfunctions
Glaucoma ( damage to optic nerve + lens, increase P of ocular fluid inside eye)
Cataracts (loss of transparency of the lens, lens = cloudy)
Hearing
Gradual decling in hearing acuity
presbycusis ( irreversable, degen of structures in inner ear. Genetics + exposure)
inability to hear hight notes
hyperacusis (sensistivity to certain volumes + frequencies of sounds)
tinnitus (ringing, buzzing, hissing)
Taste
less sesnsitive taste bubs, less saliva
after 60
salts + spices
Smell
safety issues (gas/smoke/fire/spoiled food/body odours)
loss of appetite, poor nutrition
Touch
to learn, protect, relate, pleasure
determine size, shape, weight, texture, temp = learn environment = change behaviour accordingly
skin
location on skin, pressure, chemicals, temp
detect + discriminate touvh stimuli
speech articulation loss ( diminshed sensitivity + sense of vibration of lip + palatal areas)
hand grip + tasks = fine manupulations (impaired spacial acuity @ fingertips)
Postural stability (balance, reduced foot tactile)
diminished sense of pain and temp = risk of injuries
density of nerve ending in skin decreases, myelin breaks down = info to brain more slowly
Internal organs
heart
weigh of heart increases
atrophy
aorta loses elasticity
hardening + shrinking of arteries restrict blood flow
heartbeat remains constant during adulthood
change in max heartbeat (200 @ 30, 170 @ 50, 150 @ 70)
exercise + fitness = decrease in hypertension, decrease risk of heart attack, faster recovery
lungs
elasticity declines
mature bt 20 - 25
after 35, declines = breathing gradually becomes more difficult
emphysema
lung capacity decreases by 40% bt 20 - 70
bladder
capacity reduced
muscles weaken
increase in frequency of urinating
immune system
decline in effectiveness
Brain
growth continues into adolescence & early childhood
brain size + weight max in early adulthood
weight start to decline during middle-age (after 50)
deterioration = decrease in # neurons (10-60%)
blood flow to brain decreases = decrease in O2 + glucose consumption = decrease in cerebral metabolism + functioning
neurogenesis
signals conducts more slowly = older people react + perform more slowly
vocab, short-term memory, learn new material, recall words
more education = less atrophy of cerebral cortex, more inclined to use
neuro-imaging = brain activity in prefrontal cortex = less lateralised in older adults during cognitive tasks
Stamia
less O2 available, heart disperses it slower through bloodstream
decreases by 15% bt 30 -50
further 15% bt 50 - 70
Biological Theories of Ageing
Programmed ageing theories
assumption, ageing & death = built into genetic blueprint of organisms
length of life = programmed genetically
ageing = programmed to begin after reproductive ability ends, molec changes = cell age =lose ability to divide + reproduce
changes in hypothalamus -changes in hormones
Genetic Programming Theory
cells age in accordance w master genetic program
species spes
Cell division
As individ gets older , ability of cells to devide decreases
telomeres , contain telomerases- needed to replicate cells
telomeres shorten w each cell division
cancer= doesn't stop dividing- keep telomerase levelsl =
not all deteriorating cells chorten w cell division
Error theories
assumption that ageing reflects unplanned changes in organism over time
result of external/environmental factors that gradually damage cells and organs
Free Radical Theory
nucleus +e
atom loses e = free radical
free radicals attack structure of call membranes = cellular damage, dysfunction
continuous
heart disease, cancer, cataracts, ageing spots
damage of DNA/genetic code
Cross-linked theory
w age, body tissues become less flexible = less functional
skin = less elastic, leathery appearance
collagen (protein) cross link = produce molec that make body stiffer
muscles (heart- heart attacks), metabolic processes blocked because of stiffening of walls of arteries
Wear & Tear Theory
bodies age because of constant use
illness, injuries = damage to cells,organs + tissues
body becomes less able to repair damage
environmental factors exacerbate the process
osteoarthritis