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Who determined Religious Policy (What was the role of chief advisors &…
Who determined Religious Policy
What was the role of chief advisors & faction and archbishops in shaping religious policy?
Henry
Cromwell
Executed in 1540
was given multiple roles 1532-1536
Principal secretary
Lord Privy Seal
influenced by writings of Martin Luther
gained academic backing for monarchical authority in church
suggested Popes had stolen this in the past
Absorbed and removed legal powers of church = 1533 Act in restraint of appeals
Anne Boleyn
executed in 1536
love letters: convinced him to make her queen
very influential in the annulment
fell pregnant in 1533: annulment sped up as a result
Cranmer
Suggested to King that he should get theological support from Western Europe Protestant universities in his quest for a divorce
given Archbishop of Canterbury in 1533
Major Protestant presence in Henry's council
Sponsored Great Bible in 1539
He was the one that ruled Catherine marriage was illegal and Anne's marriage was legal
supported royal supremacy
Aragonese faction opposing the change
included Chapuys
More and Fisher loosely connected
had members in court and Privy Council
Edward
Norfolk conservatives
Somerset
was lord protector until 1549
because of ineffectiveness in dealing with rebellions, was overthrown and replaced by Northumberland
1547: Edward and 13 executors signed a document giving Somerset sovereign authority until Edward was 18
First book of Common Prayer in 1548 was quite moderate
Worship of saints was discouraged but not banned
traditional robes still to be worn in church
1549: dismissed of offices and 1552 executed
not very successful financial policies
had to debase the coinage
Northumberland
Second Book of common prayer 1552 was more clearly protestant
traditional robes not to be worn
Had more successful financial policies as well
ended debasement
reduced expenditure
attempted to change the succession so he could maintain his grip on power
extended use and importance of privy council whilst Somerset just bypassed it
Edward did have more influence during this time but Northumberland was still in control
Elizabeth
Parker
had been in charge of her spiritual guidance as a child
Was made Archbishop of Canterbury shortly after her succession
1566: Made articles
instructed clergy about proper dress (traditional)
Elizabeth didn't give him backing for articles = couldn't implement them effectively
Conformed and stayed during Mary's reign = not that popular with protestants
Grindal
made Bishop of London
was calvinist and encouraged preaching
Cecil
was able politician
sympathiser of new religious ideas
John Jewel
An apology of the church of england 1562
argued that reformed church was close to that of Church established by Christ's eraly followers
Bishop of Salisbury
Norfolk and Northumberland etc.
norfolk was oldest Ducal family
lead rising of northern earls
probably wanted to increase their own power
Mary
Pole
28 November 1554: reunited the English and Roman Catholic Churches
made Archbishop of canterbury in 1555
1557: recalled to Rome to face heresy charges but Mary refused to let him go
also gathered London Synod: 12 decrees on clerical discipline
part of his top down strategy
Gardiner
1554: deprived Protestant bishops of Gloucester, Hereford + Archbishop of York of their sees
1555: died
Bonner
his book of Homilies published in 1555
What was the role of the Monarch and their own personal belief
Henry
Was a humanist/moderate catholic
believed in transubstantiation: John Lambert burnt for denying it in 1538
Act for the Advancement of True religion 1543
restricted access to English Bible
1538: Royal injunctions said English Bible to be placed in all parishes within two years = everyone can read it
Did personally interfere in religious matters e.g. the King's book in 1543
Edward
Tutors: Richard Coxe and John Checke were humanists (Coxe was a protestant)
Was a child King, didn't have much influence over government
Somerset and then Northumberland mainly ruled instead
influenced Somerset's downfall because expressed no public support and implied Somerset had imprisoned him
By August 1551, was attending some Privy Council meetings
Northumberland was still in control and placed limits on what Edward could be involved in
Definitely protestant
was heavily involved in Second Prayer book of 1552 which was more extremely protestant
was involved in attempt to stop mary's succession
actively promoted preaching
Elizabeth
Christmas: refused to allow priest to raise the host in mass
wanted limited amounts of good preaching
preaching was allowed with a permit
Parker was in charge of Elizabeth's spiritual wellbeing
seemed to be quite a strong Protestant
Her religious beliefs were not as influential because she was more concerned with religious conformity from both Protestants and Catholics
did want traditional vestments worn by clergy
January 1559: publicly snubbed monks
She arrested a catholic man for outspoken rejection of a protestant sermon
did approve of communal singing which was catholic
Mary
Very Catholic
she heard mass at least once a day
wanted traditional vestments to be worn
Autumn 1553: Act of repeal to undo Edwardian reformation
revived mass, ritual worship and clerical celibacy
revived belief in transubstantiation
wanted to refound some religious houses and did so in 1557
was very involved and in first parliament held a lively debate about the way forward in the church
What was the role of the regular clergy in influencing religious policy?
Henry
Did regular clergy (bishops, priests & monks) follow orders in the localities or do their own thing?
Opposition lead to more Catholic 6 articles in 1539
Did they challenge monarchs and have an influence on the shaping of religious policy based on the fact that the monarch had to rely on them?
Henry was concerned with the abuses of clergy
Carthusian monks posed opposition and were executed
priests and monks joined the Lincolnshire rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace 1536
monks didn't like dissolution of monasteries (could lose their living)
not a lot because of fear due to Cromwell's policy
not a lot changed in the church so no reason to oppose
Edward
Did regular clergy (bishops, priests & monks) follow orders in the localities or do their own thing?
priests chanted english homilies like they would if they were in latin
removal of treason act lead to Iconoclasm = had to withdraw
Most people hid their ornaments and stone altars until Mary's reign
Did they challenge monarchs and have an influence on the shaping of religious policy based on the fact that the monarch had to rely on them?
Ja 1550: New ordinal reformed
Hooper was outraged by swearing oath to saints and need to wear a white surplice = controversy until Hooper backed down
lack of preachers during his reign was a big problem
absence of opposition and persecution
no clergy in Kett's rebellion
May have been clergy in Western Rebellion
Mary
Did regular clergy (bishops, priests & monks) follow orders in the localities or do their own thing?
Mass exodus of 800 at start of her reign = no
Had to remove priests: 10-25% of clergy were deprived for having married
executions that had been order in Essex, Kent + others had not been carried out
Did they challenge monarchs and have an influence on the shaping of religious policy based on the fact that the monarch had to rely on them?
Reginald pole Called the London Synod
released 12 deccrees on clerical discipline (probably formed by clergy)
Most opposing protestants were burnt
Elizabeth
Did regular clergy (bishops, priests & monks) follow orders in the localities or do their own thing?
they were sort of allowed to do their own thing
no one was pressed to take the oath of supremacy because she didn't want to make martyrs by having to execute them
extreme Protestants in clergy in London and South East didn't like moderate religious settlement
Visitations 1559: the Visitors often acted on their own and destroyed altars, images and clerical clothing
Did they challenge monarchs and have an influence on the shaping of religious policy based on the fact that the monarch had to rely on them?
Vestments controversy
Dispute over retention of crucifix in Parish churches
Elizabeth demanded there be a crucifix on the altar = prompted the resignation of Bishops Jewel and Grindal so Elizabeth had to back down
What was the role of parliament in influencing religious policy?
Henry
1515: criticism of the Church when Henry VIII's second Parliament had met in 1515
MPs aired concerns about what matters were for King's court and matters for the Church courts raised by case of Richard Hunne
When parliament met in 1529 a group of London MPs who were merchants and lawyers attacked abuses of the church
attacked Cardinal Wolsey
concerns included: payment of mortuary fines, land owned by church meant not enough for grazing animals
reformation parliament was used to pass religious act that made Break from Rome possible
Act for the submission of the Clergy 1532
First act of succession 1534
Aragonese faction tried to stop divorce from happening
BUT more influential in court than parliament
Edward
grievances againstsomerset lead to his downfall
practice of frequent parliaments set by Henry continued under Edward
1551 was the only year without a session
Parliament used to pass religious laws
NOT used to establish or destroy protectorate, or pass Act of succession
Mary
First Parliament: August-Sep 1553
Mary wouldn't do anything without Parliament's support because already weak as a female Monarch
polarising issue was her marriage to Philip of Spain = a lot of parliament preferred Edward Courtenay instead
MPs urged her to reconsider
Parliament refused to install heresy laws because of riots after Somerset's repeal of Act of Six articles
five parliaments were called during her reign because of her ambitious legislative programme
Second Parliament 1554
used this parliament to bring England back to Rome
Couldn't return all property to church because MPs had bought church land
Elizabeth
First parliament Jan 1559
Bills of Uniformity passed by commons but were rejected twice by house of lords
Marian bishops rejected it b/c argued that Parliament had no right to determine doctrine of the Church
concession of Submission of Clergy had lead to break with Rome
Bill also rejected transubstantiation
Elizabeth set up public debate between Catholic and Protestant clergy that took place before Easter
Catholics withdrew from the debate so Elizabeth could arrest 2 Marian Bishops which reduced opposition
parliament asked her to marry in 1563 and 1566 but she refused