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4b - Tectonically active countries: earthquakes (Japan (Tohoku earthquake,…

- - - - Economic impacts
        
        reconstruction cost of £181 billion
        
        45,700 buildings were destroyed and 143,300 buildings damaged
        
        230,000 vehicles damaged
        
        15 ports directly affected but reopened within a year
        
        4.4 million households and thousands of businesses lost electricity
        
        11 nuclear receptors were shut down and fukushima was shut down and a 30km evacuation zone was made due to radioactive release
        
        2 oil refineries were set alite and took 10 days to put out
        
        25 million tonnes of debris was removed and was very costly
        
        exports were massively interupted
      - Political impacts
        
        the japanese government injected millions of yen into the economy
        
        there was an increased amount of government debt
        
        there were massicve concerns about safety standards and regulations of the nuclear industry which became a political issue of concern
        
        it emerged that the inadequacy of defences against tsunamis and earthquakes had been made several years before the disaster which put strain of the government's decision making
      - Social impacts
        
        16000 people died; 90% by drowning
        
        problems with burying bodies so diseases spread easily
        
        100,000 children were separated from their family as the earthquake happened whilst they were at school
        
        reconstruction of schools and healthcare buildings were still taking place 5 years after the earthquake hit
    - - 9.0 Mw
      - lasted 6 mins
      - epicentre was 70km east of Oshika and the focus was about 30km down
      - earth shifteed 10-25cm of its axis
      - many afterschocks which reached 7.0 and 8.0 Mw
      - caused a tsunami
        
        this tsunami occured on the 13th March
        
        travelled 10km inland in sendai
        
        waves reached 40.5m in height
        
        waves reached antarctica breaking off 125km2 of ice
        
        waves reached Ohio and California causing $10 million worth of damage
        
        drowned 110,000 nesting birds
- - - - Social impacts
        
        8800 fatalities
        
        22,000 people were injured
        
        avalanches on everest killed 20 climbers
        
        473,000 houses were destroyed or badly damaged
        
        1 million people required food assistance
        
        there was concern of the increase of women and young girl trafficking for money in poor families
        
        single women were disadvantaged and struggled to get food or medical aid
        
        aid was controlled by men and the women were discriminated against
      - Economic impacts
        
        nepal is one of the poorest countries in the world with the national economy at $10 million USD
        
        tourism contributed to 10% of the economy and took a very drastic decline after the earthquake
        
        the asian development bank donated $200 million USD for reconstruction
        
        levels of debt dramatically increased due to the borrowing of money
        
        the earthquake disrupted the planting season so there was long term effects on food security
      - Political impacts
        
        Nepal was already politically unstable before the earthquake
        
        the earthquake and its economic aftermath undermined the progress towards peace and a greater democracy within nepal
        
        Nepal received emergency aid for long term reconstruction from a range of countries
        
        Indonesia sent assisatance from military aircraft
        
        international aid created tension with india, which accused nepal of trying to use its humanitarian aid as a way of self-promotion within the region
    - - 7.8Mw
      - epicentre was 90km northeast of katmandu and the focus was about 15km down
      - there were 51 afterschocks with 5.0 Mw or above , 5 aftershcoks with above 6.0Mw and one afterschok in may with 7.3Mw
      - there were tremors felt in neighbouring indian states and in china
      - there were many landslides
      - there were many snow and ice avalanches caused from everest